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Sketches -of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

GHA

ClAS 1

■Sect

Sect,

Sect.,

Sect.

CHAP.|

Sect.i

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.
INTRODUCTION.

The preaching of the gospel of Jesus
Christ has been since the days of John the
Baptist the most momentous and important
of all human occupations. 'Our Saviour sent
him as his herald out into the world to an-
nounce his coming. "While the Prince of
Peace yet lingered in the humble obscurity of
his home in Nazareth, the fiery soul of John
was startling the echoes of the Judean des-
erts with his fearful arraignment of a guilty
world. God had given mankind the inesti-
mable gift of the Holy Scriptures consti-
tuting what we now call the "Old Testa-
ment"; but a new agency was then added in
the fullness of the times for the regeneration
of a race lost in sin. The old dispensation
had not repelle i the humble searcher aftpr
truth. It provided that upon the pvosely tic-
submission to the rite of circumcision, he
became to all intents and purposes one of
the chosen people, and entitled to all the
Jewish national and religious privileges.
But the sake, fcion of the Genti; ^s was a mat-
ter of small concern to the holiest of the
Pharisees. They seemed, on the contrary,
to bitterly resent our Saviour's gracious
promise, that in his aconemeut all the na-
tions should be blest. Their aversion and
scorn for the despised Gentiles led them to
oppose any scheme of extending the hope of
salvation to such worshipers of stocks and
stones.

So when, in the mysterious providence of
God, the time had come to rend the veil in
the temple and to throw wide open the doors
of mercy for all mankind, chosen heralds
were needed to bear the gracious proclama-
tion to a waiting world.' It had been confi-
dently expected through ages of suffering
by the Jews, that the Messiah would bring
deliverance ; and Plato among the Greeks
and Virgil for the Romans had told man-
kind that some revelation from God might
be witnessed at any moment. In the sump-
tuous and inane ceremonies of the heathen
temples there had been nothing to educate
mind or soul. Even in the grandeur and
pomp of the Mosaic ritual there was little
beyond the sacred chants and the making
of sacrifices to appeal to guilty consciences.
Such worshipers as Hannah, and the humble
publican who smote upon his breast and
prayed God to have mercy on him a sinner,

Pag-e
©

22
ibid.

26
ibid.

29
33
35
39
44
47
50
54
64
66
68
72

75
75
79
80

83
85
87
88
90
ibid.

99
100
101
ibid.
194

Sect. V.

VI.

VII.

vin

IX.

hi.

XIII
XIV
XV.
XVI

XVI

XVI
XIX.
XX.

CHAP. XX.

ETAB

Sect. I.
H.
III.
IV.

CHAP.

Sect

XXI.
I.

n.
in.

IV.
V.
VI.
VH.

vin.

IX.

no douot tound'lhlians of hope and amend-
ment, but with the cc ming of our L )ri the
preacher, in the fullness of his mission,
stood first revea ed to mankind.

John the Baptist was the prototype and
model for all succeeding preachers of righ-
teousness. His trumpet-like voice awoke
fearful realizations in tbe souls of the myr-
iads who flocked to hear what this mysteri-
ous denizen of the desert caverns was pro-
claiming. With a duectness that nf-ver fal-
tered with time or person, he gave voice to
the mighty secret he was sent to disclose.
The ceaseless multitudes were not only
stirred to the depths of their souls at his
pictures of the judgment to come, they were
not simply convinced of the absolute neces-
sity for repentance, but were startled be-
yond measure with his assurance that the
long-expected Messiah, for whose coming
they had so fervently prayed, had actually
come into their midst. The mighty Baptist
confessed to them that he was as ignorant
as they were as to who and where the Christ
was to be found. He and countless thou-
sands were waiting and watching for the
fulfillment of the signs whuh were to dis
close the Prince of Peace.

With Christ's baptism and the descent
upon him of the Hoi}" Spirit, John's mission
seems virtually to have been accomplished.
In the sacred narradve we hear of his preach-
ing for a short season, but guilty King Herod
could not brook his stern admonitions, and
in the dungeons of Machaerus forever si-
lenced the first great preacher of righteous-
ness, tyir Saviour's love and preference for
sermons as the m j ans of establishing his
kingdom on earth was abundantly shown in
a multitude of instances. The Crafty and
malignant scribes might ever so earnestly
demand signs and wonders at his hands as

seals of his ministry, his reply was. that no !
sign should be given that wicked and adul-
terous generation but that of the prophet
Jonah. He healed the sick, opened blind
eyes, loosened ducnb tongues, and raised the
dead, whenever proper occasion required the
use of sucli^dtwSfre attestations to his divin-
ity, but a uniform denial was given to all
who came in malevolent curiosity to ask
miracles at his hands. No human wisdom
or. godliness can ever hope to rise to such \
heights of truth and eloquence as were em-
bodied in the seemingly simple discourses of
our Lord. They are as inimitable as the
many parables they co-tain.

As our Lord saw fit to send the Baptist as
his precursor and herald, so too the Saviour
came as a preacher. Whether in the midst

Page
107
ibid.
110
111
112
116
117
ibid,
ibid,
ibid,
ibid.
118
120
121
123
124
126
127
128
132
135
137
138
139
140

144

145
ibid.
146
152
157

162
163
166
170
171
173
175
176
177
ibid,
ibid,
ibid.
178
ibid.

SlCT. I

of the multitude thronging the temple at the
time of the Passover, or on the plains of
Galilee, we find that our Lord was ever util-
izing the opportunity to proclaim the un-
searchable riches of his truth and grace.
With such an exemplar to give dignity and
importance to the calling, how can men suf-
ficiently honor and apprecia'e this great
mission and embassy from on high. How
-can we over estimate the value and prece-
dence of those who came bearing the King's
message of hope to a perishing world. What
OHAP. X5 human., profession or occupation can for a
Sect I moment compare in importance with this,
which not only promises peace and security
in this life, but a blissful immortality in the
next. In the old Jewish dispensation, the
priest,.. Mio interceded between God and his
people was selected with many precautions.
In the first place, he must be of the tribe of
Levi. Next, he was only chosen from those
descended from the first high-priest, Aaron.
It was also required that he should be phys-
ically and mentally perfect. The slightest
bodily deformity made him forever a stran-
ger to the precincts of the sanctuary. He
was further carefully trailed from earliest
boyhood to a study of the Holy Scriptures
and the details of all the solemn and mag-
nificent ceremonies used in the temple. But
i once in each year the high-priest, after
I weeks of ceremonial cleanness, ventured to
j enter the Holy of Holies. The sacred and
awful retreat was sacred and inviolate to all
others. The man who ventured to intrude
i unlawfully too near its precincts was at once
Direct! slain for his sin and folly.

While our Saviour has not thrown such
mystery and privilege about any of his sac-
] raments, yet there should be many marks
and distinctions to designate and dignify the
holy office of a preacher of the gospel. Like
the priest of old. he is largely the keeper < t
the sacred oracles. I i? he is dumb, then h,s
people will perish in their ignorance. If he
is unholy in his life, he is doiug more to de-
stroy the faith and hopes of his flock than
all other evil influences combined. The pas-
tor who, like a ravening wolf, creeps into
the sheepfold to prey on those who love and
trust him, leaves a legacy of doubt and mis-
trust, which better men can hardly remove
after years of toil and prayer. '"Like priest,
like people," said the Jewish prophet of old,
and so it is in our day and generation. Ev-
ery congregation which has been ministered
to for a considerable time by one pastor be-
comes largely what he is spiritually and
mentally. The pulpit is not only a guide-
post to heaven, it is largely a means of edu-
cation and refinement. A church, where a
pious and competent preacher every Sab

CHAP.

Sect.

Page
179
ibid.
180
ibid.
131
182
183
183
184
190
ibid.
191
192
192
196
197

mows
nd of

Scales.

200
203
212
215

216
218

AND MlN-

220
221
222'

.Spirit-

jjfTur-

[ these •

223
224
ibid.

j - - 225
ibid.

| - - 226
227
ibid.
ibid.
- ■ - 228
ibid.
229

Sect. I.

II.

chap. n.

Sect. I.

n.
in

VI.
¥11

APPLICAT7

CHAP. I.

Sect. I.

III.

CHAP. II.

Preparat

FOR OTII1

CHAP*ni.

and Man?

chap, iv

Farmkr
Sect. I.

II.

III. -
CHAP. V. .

bath gives his congregation the results of
his prayerful and elaborate preparation dur-
ing the week, is bound to be largely blessed
spiritually, and also serves to elevate and
chasten the community around. How all-
important, then, is it that the Baptists of
North Carolina should work and struggle to
bring about such a consummation of affairs
as would eventuate in each country neigh-
borhood's having a strong, self-sustaining
Baptist church, where on every Sunday they
can meet and hear the word of God pro-
claimed in all its truth and simplicity.
Wherever in such circumstances an able and
godly man gives long years of faithful ser-
vice to the same people, we find a commu
nity blessed with every earthly advantage.
They are not only prosperous in worldly
matters, but add refinement to wealth, and
over and above all things else, their trust
and faith in God bring peace aud sanctity to
every christian household.

In the preached word of God is the world's
great hope of ultimate evangelization. Tae
sects and societies that wait on the slow
work of self-instruction by means of the Bi-
ble and other religious literature generally
make bat small accessions to their ranks.
In the Romish and other Pedobaptist
churches the reliance is on infant sprinkling
as the means of continuing their existence
They keep up a show of life in this way. but
alas ! how few are the men and women thus
inducted into the churches who really km w
and care for the religion of the Saviour? To
the vast majority of such people the Bible is
a sealed book. Their faith cousists in the
belief that a few empty and unmeaning
forms will be suffiVient to atone for all their
waited and unprofitable lives, and that the
absolution granted on confession to their
priests will be sufficient atonement for all
their sins. To such people the uew birth is
all a myth, and the practical observance of
the Sabbath a thins: unknown.

To Baptists, consequently, their preachers
are all important. We co .sist of churches
made up of actual believers who have nei-
ther inherited or bought for gold their hopes
of heaven. We hold that such views are
only consistent with the system devised by
our Lord and his Apostles. We are a people
separate and apart from all others, and it
behooves us to not only cherish and provide

for bur preachers of to day, but to recall and
do reverence to the memories of those who
have gone before us. With the hope that
something of their virtues and iabors may
be recalled and preserved, these pages are
^written. Like "Old Mortality" tenderly

[eat

230

ibid.

231

232

233

234

ibid.

235

:cf-

!Ct-

| -

ibid.

236

i -

241

ibid.

•

243

244

246

\hs

ta-

259

260

261

266

VARI-

i _

269

ibid.

273

j -

274

277

291

295
ibid.
297
298
314
ibid,
ibid,
ibid.
315

CHAP. XVIII

In this qualit
which is soh
grains cover
ness of each
the metals, h
Jadium, men
and nickel,*
The rest, on
mi'inetals.
of malleabili
in common
and minerald

8- All the
the exceptic
drawn out ii
precedence
thicker than

9. Wires
found to be
rises from th
adding weig
Count Sickii
■wires of on(
breaking.

Awi

The tenacit
even still le

10. Some
degree of
to the mech
respect, suij

Beside tH
ties, which j
er, also, in i)
it may be I
sary repetitl

restoring the effaced inscriptions on the
tombs of those he had loved and lost, so
would we now recall the names and deeds
of the brave men who so largely helped to
make North Carolina and this great repub
li? what they are. With no desire to unduly
magnify the importance of their holy call-
ing, we would yet do justice to men who in
sore privation, too often in danger, and al-
ways in the face of bitter and unrelenting
opposition, found means to plant and nurture
our earliest Baptist churches.

They found a land almost God forsaken
and given over to the Devil and his agents.
The means of grace witbin reach of our fore-
fathers in the earlier Colonial days, were so
utterly wanting or abortive, that in the few
exceptions to the general neglect of all re-
ligion, for a long time only the Quakers of
Perquimans and- Pasquotank sustained any-
thing like christian worship. The huge ter-
ritory stretching more than half way from
the Atlantic ocean toward the Mississippi
river had not a single organized church
other than that just mentioned. How much
Paul Palmer and his successors in the Bap •
tist ministry have effected to change the
character of our people can only be under-
stood by those conversant with the state of
affairs previous to their labors in the land.
The brave, true men who were so prompt
to resent any foreign invasion upon their
rights and liberties were from the begin-
ning eager to bear the story of the cross.
They sat, some weeping, and others smok-
ing their pipes, as Fox and Edmunson, the
Quaker missionaries, told of the Saviour.

North Carolina early became a city of
refuge to the persecuted Baptists cf other
provinces. While members of the estab-
lished church were always contemptuous
and bitter in their opposition in those early
days, yet under the law they coald find no
pretext for actual persecution save in the
very statute which was intended to prevent
all violence and individual oppression. "With
a strange mockery of all propriety, the stick-
lers for conformity would swear out peace
warrants against Baptist missionaries, in
which, with ad the solemnity cf an oath,
they deposed that these humble men of God
were disturbers of the public peace. That
preaching Christ and him crucified led to
violence, and therefore riomp&j,nt magis-
trates too .oftfT brcame 0vr - J (/^iK'h. a
mockery of justice and required tiab preacher
to give bond for his good behavior and
peaceful conduct toward the people. Some
smilingly complied with the wretched pro--

|d-leaf,
an five
thick-
. All
;r, pal-
!i, zinc,
slongs.
led s,e-
■ession
jtained
emical

s (with
nay be
to take
ire not

ils, are
This a-
adually
lents of •
which
without

' .'l&

ead has

, a high
applied
j in this

i\ quali-
ich oth-
blances
nneces-

"• (

The me
mentary b(
bustibles.
insufficient
'to each me
■which rec<
exposed to
them is tha
in the diffei

x/IjlW-

access of ai
dition. Bu

^ or ele«
)le com-
on very-
peculiar
m ability,
;tals are
luced in
es place,
Some of
> vapour,
e a very
empera-
^tilized ;
170° of
d in the
etals, no
the free
\er con-
I Their
ties that
stroyed.
sfieci-
pf prop-

, at dif-
ferent peric— , — -*- ,., _.. the the-
ory of phlogiston, they were accounted for by assuming that the
metals, during the process of exposure to air at a high tempera-
ture, abandon their phlogiston, which, it was supposed, unites with
the air and renders it phlogisticated, and consequently unfit for
supporting the combustion of other inflammable bodies. The hy-
pothesis, however, could no longer be maintained, when it was
proved that the metals, so far from losing weight, become heavier
after the operation ; and though various attempts were made, by
modifications of the theory, to accomodate it to this fact, yet none
of them can be considered as having been at ail successful.

The theory, which is now almost universally admitted, as best

explaining the phenomena in question, though suggested by the

hints furnished by preceding discoveries, was first reduced to a

systematic and consistent form by Lavoisier. The metalsij accord^

*, Annales de Chimie, lxix. 92, m

-Tjision of *amavv"and justice and gave obncF
as required, but others were madeof sterner
stuff. These told the magistrates they had
violated no law, human or divine-, and that
they would cheerfully abide in jail as long
as their worships saw fit to limit. Such
men, like John Bunyan, made their prisons
lively with hymns of praise and sermons
delivered through the windows.

It was thus amid much tribulation that

the pioneer Baptist preachers of America

made good a lodgment for their faith in the

domain which was ere long to burgeon out

.into the world's most imperial republic.

them may l Often despised and neglected by the people

, . they came to bless and save, they had the

at a eat co g race s t,ill to persevere in the good work.

intense heal As the years went by, they saw the horizon

ture it is pi °f their hopes ever broadening and growing

r ... more luminous to the eyes of Hope. God

lor platina i wag p re p ar j n g f or them greater things than

Wedgwood the boldest had dreamed of. Not only was

focus of a * ne time close at hand when all their pains

and penalties should be swept from the stat-

** ute books ; they were not only to rejoice in

the fulness of that religious liberty which

they had advocated and prayed for so long ;

they were also to suggest and establish, by

cohesion, 1 m eans of their example, the controlling

have been features of the American civil polity. Bap-

Ti nnp-h the ; ^ st f ree d° m aQ d democracy became tlje

9 , prototypes and models by which was con

fically light structed the mighty fabric of the United

erties not o' States. And thus once more the stone re-

rp , jected by the builders became the head of

i nese ci the corner>

♦

chap, xvj g]j e t c hes of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in

,J North Carolina,
mg to Ui

changes ( By J0HN w# moore, state historian.

absorptioi

becomes Memoir I — Paul Palmer.

should su

the fact, d chapter first.

satisfactol A little more than two centuries have
A certain 1 e l a P sea " since the first permanent settlements
1 were effected by Englishmen in North Car-
able circi olina. Such a period in human history

metal is
gas whii
farther ;
plication
and the n

an establ
quence c

posed to|

I shall el

The J

not the s

seems very short at best, but it has been
long enough to bury in oblivion a multitude
of men and facts we would gladly preserve
and transmit to coming ages. The men and
women who, in the middle of the seven-
teenth century sought homes and refuge in
Albemarle, came under different auspices

idence tl from all the other plantations in America.

change \ ^ G ^ even that famous band of pilgrims, that
made Plymouth Rock so conspicuous in hu-
man annals, afforded much analogy to the
early scenes enacted in Carolina. No king

called b\i or g° vernor was consulted for permission to
: enter the paradise Aruadas and H.«*iot had

the lorm, so eloquently described. Many thousands

which ar had left their homes in Great Britain and the
continent of Europe with the hope and expec-
tation of enjoying complete religious liberty
in America. Such immigrants as a general
rule landed in Boston and Jamestown. At
both places they found a stern and jealous
inquisition as to their religious opinions.

to differe "When the new citizen agreed with Puritan-

1. Soi ism in Massachusetts and the Thirty-Nine

, Articles in Virginia, all was well, and such
air _ an immigrant was received with open arms.
deprived But if it so happened that neither Puritan-
new mei ism or Episcopacy claimed him for its own,
, . , then alas for the unhappy dupe who had as
which na - t were j urn p e( ] from the frying pan into the
true, as 1 fire. Charles II. and his bigoted successor
extremel raa de life hard enough for the Baptists, but
; Gov. Berkeley surpassed even these perse-
moisture. cu t ors j n the sternness of his policy. The

2. Otli poor deluded victim of false hopes was at
erable inl once to ^ *° ^ eave Virginia and that with all

j possible speed. To avoid severe punish-
when hes m ents, the exiles moved on to the unknown
converter wilderness and sought anid the heathen
have bee I^ians a reiu ge his christian countrymen

] had refused. Like Roger Williams expelled
process i f rom Massachusetts in the midst of a New
and heat England winter's direst hardships, so fled the

I 13

tdergo the
;nce of the
itallic body
performed,
That this is
readily and
mmon air.
ler favour-
;ight in the
that of the
an even go
ie mere ap-
jtate of gas,
[factory ev-
jture of the
herefore, as
pa, in conse-
ss has been
ixide. For
1 by reasons
e, has pro-
ring pages,

metals are
vith respect

.tmospherie
ch has been
ese, and the
j only ones
ithers, it is
the air, but
peration of

ut a consid-
er, tin, Sec.
\ are slowly
ding as they
stances, the
ion of light
•pens, chi&f-

men and women who first began the work,
of making North Carolina a home for civil- '

XVIII.

metals
under-
»r oxy-
air, is
By the
oment,
power-

^y,withsom« ize ^P e °P ]e -

How many of these Baptist people, whof tAaui

pie, when pr thus came to Albemarle before Kjng Charles jt flame.

In other met II granted away the territory thus settled, U^ajjjg

■^i, D v,„~,„., * is not now known. Rev. Dr. W. H. Whit- y
phenomena, ... • u . ul _* ■, result*;

r ' sitt, in his able and suggestive sermon de- pe&uus.

3. With tl livered in June, 1888, at Wake Forest Col- Ivebeen
called perfec le § e < g ave some very valuable hints as to I , ,
. {. \ this matter. He quoted the Rev. Morgan f 1 ai

- ium,j are Edwards as to his declaration that as early js of air
and of an inc as 1695 there were individual Baptists in the
of this kind colony. Richard Knight, another historian,
' affirmed that they were to be found there
going any ch fj V e years earlier. He then argues from the
gen, and are liberality of North Carolina government as
j , , to -eligious toleration that nothing prevented
proved oy tin thegp Rap - tjsts fronj form i n g cbutches.' "Th«>
former, the w declaration of Rev. Lemuel Burkitt, in his
dispersed into bistory of the Kehukee Assi>ciation, that
j, i. j. . Paul Palmer was the founder of the first

lul discharge, Bapris;t crnm . D i n tne Provin >e, and that ^to thin
leaves, the me Shiloh, this church, was formed in 1727, has l our#

4 All met been ' on g taken as definite and conclusive I

on the subject. But many things support ' re s ^'*
more readily c d,.. Wbitsitt «in his belief that Baptist In ma-
ny cases a me churches were in existence even before then. U nvrs :_
W h th The following extract from a letter written ,

oiy oy trie act by Rev Mr B]air ft miss i OT , ary SPnt OVlt by lbits a

bright inflami the Bishop of London and the English So- |, as a i„
ready been si) e i etv Tor Propagating the Gospel in Foreign
. . Parts, shows conclusively that as early as in

sumecl in oxyt 1704 gnptist evangelists were traversing Al-

These are t bemarle and baptizing their converts. ■ Mr. L j n
order that th B1air s ^ s ' in speaking of the religious sects /

. . then to be found in the colony : l " c

place, it is onl '• a third sort are soim thing like the Pres- affin-
ity between os byterianll, which sort is upheld by some idle I ,
v , , , . fe lows who have left their lawful emplov u
jignt t^ana per- Inenti and preaoh atld baptize through the fe. In
other cases, th country, without, any manner of orders from me t ? i
acquires oxyg' anv pect or P re tended church " 1

P ' b * This was in strict keeping with the usual ound.

Wt these soun Episcopal scorn and ignorance touching the | only

ones, are wa to " °= — ^?V- , "bound*

Baptist people. This Mr. Blair pretends pouno-
confining on, th ^ he ^ J not eveu know the name and

I. Water d classification of the creed which was win- ^ m&n _
ifest a powerfi nin g converts and establishing itself in a
. region where ere long it was to number

those which i n i ne tenths of the people in its fold. Of
The newly di course, these unknown missionaries of :

ing, to
al air.
with a
meral,
or ex-
unlettered and humble in the social scale, yerted
mere Th e j r records, if they kept any, have been fcvolvs
all lost, and thus it is that we have by John j

famrffer ™hir were BaDtists, and surely if they were bap-

p l ■ ' ^ v n ^ tizing men and women, they were also plant-

the change is : i n g churches as they went. But these

ample, when i churches were composed of a people very

iar ov

CHAP. XA

have gres
might ha 1
with oxyt
of oxidize
ists. In t
lure is ins
some ext<
have the
red oxide
attempted
subsequei
by Dr. T
adopted,
supposinj
not indei
iriioxide,
third stai
are know
minimun
A simi
the neutr
the same
require ]
sometim<
brevity o
al ; as
term, ho
applied t
es ; whe
of ordinssj
idizemerj
confirme
salts is p
easy to (
from thai
muriate
knowled
derive tl
as the gr
ates of c

Comer's Journal of a trip through Carolina
in 1727 the authentic assurance that a church
of the Baptist faith and order was at that
date in existence, with Rev. Paul Palmer as
its pastor. Like Dr. Whitsitt, we are fully
persuaded that various otherBaptist churches
were then to he found in North Carolina, but
they were so disunited and widely separated
that no effort was made to preserve memo
rials of their existence. We know too that
before the reformation wrought in the latter
part of the eighteenth century that much
latitude was allowed in the creed and prac-
tices of those Americans who called them-
selves Baptists. The open communion sen-
timents of John Bunyan and those of his
school had their legitimate results in open-
ing the church doors to members who made
no profession of religion. The famous proph-
ecy of the great merchant and preacher,
William Kiffen, in his reply to his Brother
John Bunyan that the disregard of Bible
baptism as requisite to participation in the
Lord's Supper would eventuate in a disre-
gard for all the ordinances, had long been
verified in the Quakers. The alliance be
tween the Quakers and.. Baptists had been
very close in Albemarle, and no doubt a
portion of their disregard for both of our
church ordinances had been largely infused
in the sentiments of their compatriots. Al-
though the English and Dutch Baptist
churches had found great benefits arising to
the individual congregations from their join-
ing in the formation of associations, the
American churches had long foreborne to
follow such salutary example. The old Bap-
tist love of independence in each separate
church, and the fear that such an alliance
might eventuate in impairing this auton-
omy, had kept them struggling in separate
orbits and largely inefficient and helpless
from their total want of sympathy and co-
operation. The best and strongest of the
city churches might support its pastor and
do much toward the feeding and clothing of
their own pauper members, but beyond this
their christian charity had no extent. Some
might aid a deserving young brother in his
preparation for the ministry, but such cases
were like angels' visits.

But let us of the present day thank God
that a season of better things was at last to
dawn on the world. Twelve churches in
and arom d the city of Philadelphia sent up
delegates A. D. 1706 and formed the first
American Baptist Association. With this
formation of the Philade phia Association,

\ case, we

saturated

•ior stage

ich chcnv

lomencla-

;ived from

Thus we

black and

hat can be

At some

proposed

ntageously

metal (still

i each are

deutoxide,

second, or

any metal

that at the

oxidation.

respect to

it oxides of

ulting salts

This has

zed (or for

Ldized met-

The latter

:an only be

fferent bas-

t compound

state of ox-

: should be

in metallic

/ill be more

f acid than

ite and sub-

uired in our

continue to

Dua quality ;

%recn murU

£esid<

the uniot

ble, also

combusti

and chan

interestin

I. The

numerou

by certair

with one

of gas, tak

small deg

ably with

several re

II. Tin

have been

compound

ty called s

lie oxides,

phuretted

hydro-sulfi}

there came as it were a new/fease of life anc
power to the Baptist communities thus uni-
ted in the bonds of love and duty. The oM
fear and distrust of men as to each other's
good faith had nurtured and sustained all
the tyrranies both temporal and ecclesiasti-
cal which had cursed mankind with their
misrule. It was a common belief that the
people were incapable of self-control, and
therefore kings a d nobles should hold them
in subjection. The Baptists followed the
Bible and the early christians in keeping up
the people's control of their own church, but
they feared the possible action of sister con-
gregations in case a league was formed for
the execution of some common purposes.
The results of the Philadelphia coalition
were so speedily seen to be good and useful,
that many wise men in other sections wished
their churches to do likewise, but the old
Baptist conservatism wisely waited and
watched to see how time would tell on the
new experiment.

Among the churches which constituted
this same Philadelphia Association, was one
situated in the Welsh Tract of the Province
of D- laware. This congregation had long
been recognized for its intelligence and de-
votion to all good works. Hearing of the
loose and disorganized condition of Baptist
i.ffairs in North Carolina, th> y sent out Rev.
1. All th Paul Palmer as a missionary some time
about 1720. These missious of love and
mercy were common in those early days of
the American Baptist Association. We
find that not only were able divines sent out
as aids and advisers of the scattered congre-
gations in the white settlements, but the
Indians also caine in for 'heir share iu these
early manifestations of christian zeal and
benevolence. Mr. Palmer was a native of
Maryland, but was baptized into Baptist fel-
lowship by Rev. Thomas Owens, then pas-
tor of the Welsh Tract congregation. He
'was ordained to the full work of the minis-
try in Connect cut. After service in the
churches of New Jersey and Maryland, he
came to North Carolina. His home for the
sub-equent years of his life was in Peiquim
ans county There on the beautiful shores
>f Albemarle Sound he began aud ended his
labors as an evangelist among our plain and
unassuming forefathers. He found the har-
vest ready for the sickle. A people brave
and patient had after many struggles and
some bloody disorders triumphed in their
efforts for some sho.v of freedom and auton-
omy. Wily and insidious British agents had
long perplexed them with schemes of inter-
ference in their religion and trade. The
i English crovernors and their coadjutors in
the General Assembly were struggling for

in their me
In order to
"be brought
very model
mixture of
parts of co;
tube, comb
plished. 1
sudden anc
combinatioi
from the ex
fluid is libei
mixture, an
acid. The
ter from th
dized by th(

* Annales (
fNote to
1908.)

HAP. XVIII.

result from
Is are capa-
the simple
hosphorus,
h other, an

jre neither
^composed
combines
n the state
| case, in a
t remark-
ed having

SULPHUR

1st, the

proprie-

ith metal-

e of sul-

be called

1 tin, are,
sulphur.
ie bodies
usible, a
Thus a
Dr of 40
n a glass
I accom-
ting in a
During
: appears
>f elastic
Ik of the
Iphurous
jl the lat-
ally oxi-
ipounds,

sactians.

CHAP "'" r,T 2*?

the erection of a State church, and from
London came continuous orders for the en-

Mr. Dj forcement of the navigation laws. But these

gen, an

from th
tute of
metals

if its hydro-

wise men of old wanted neither a religious

cease to be
apparei] comparative freedom from both of these Jrs different
sources of former strife and discontent, jd, are desti-
With his young wife thus far removed fr,om j , ,.~.
the scenes and friendships of former years, j ai " erei "-
he began his life-work in North Carolina. Mr. Kirwan

has givj „. & wt «j ^? t R, «».«,~ .ruicn are, however,

to be considered as merely approximations to the truth.

100 grains of silver unite with 15 of sulphur

lead 15

. bismuth . 17.6

tin 18

mercury ■ 25

. copper 25.4

■-- antimony 29.8

(native) 35

The same metal, also, is, in some instances, susceptible of unit-
ing with different quantities of sulphur, and of affording com-
pounds characterised by a different set of properties. Thus the
compound, which consists of 62^ iron and 37£ sulphur is of a dark
grey colour ; has little or no lustre ; is magnetic ; and easily
broken. But 53 parts of iron combined with 47 of sulphur form a
compact substance, of sufficient hardness to strike fire with steel,
and having so much lustre as to have been often mistaken by the
ignorant for gold.

Metallic sulphurets can only be partially decomposed by heat ;
and though this assertion appears to be contradicted by the effect
of roasting these compounds, yet it is to be considered that the
metals, when heated with the contact of air, absorb oxygen, and
thus lose their affinity for sulphur. The sulphuret of one metal
may, in many instances, be decomposed by another metal. Thus
when sulphuret of mercury is distilled with a proper proportion of
iron filings, the sulphur passes to the iron, and the mercury
comes over in a metallic state.

Concentrated sulphuric acid,* with the assistance of heat, acts
upon metallic sulphurets, and is converted into sulphurous acid,
which, being volatile, escapes. Metals, which, in their separate

* Berthollet, Annates de Chimie, XXV. 256

'24

state, were c
its action, af
When dili
instead of hy
It is chiefly
produce this
a farther pro

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir I — Paul Palmer.

CHAPTER TWO.

When the Rev. Paul Palmer came to Al-
bemarle, he found as his neighbor in the
Concentra town f Edenton one George Burrington,
the diluted i who was then Governor of the Province of
decomposed North Carolina. This turbulent and erratic
" , spirit exhibited in himself the weakness and
ed, and sulp. f lly f t he men who, as Lords Proprietors,
acid contains claimed and exercised rule over the colony.
tl e ac ^ r- Burriugton's infirmities of soul could
cause ti not have been unknown to the Lords. and
Sulphuret gentlemen, who gave him his commission,
oxygen, and for he had been convicted and punished in
, . • , the London criminal courts for the offence
pliuric acid, k eat j n g an old woman. His shifty and vio-
state of sul/iilent temper, combined with a ruthless dis-
ibrmed whi regard of the rights and feelings of others
' „ kept him in trouble all his life and finally
a strong afh!i ec j to a v-iolent death. Yet such a man was
conversion i selected, of all the abie and eap&ble sub jects
of Queen Anne, for the delicate and difficult

ot copper, a

duty of restoring order to a community just

uining a fu emerged from the' double horrors of civil

lion of air a war and Indian massacres. But Paul Pal-

_ mer and the good people of his adopted

■ ' S ei home were soon to be. delivered from the

ides for su weakness and avarice of the Proprietary

•nctals are Government. In 1728 the Cr >wn bought

out all the rights of the Proprietors save

brought in' tnose of Lo rd Granville, and North Carolina

ry, and ma was no longe» the prey and victim of indi-

Ailad sulfi vidu ^ B' reed and rapacity.

" ' / As we have already intimated, much of

jbrding sir the information, now accessible touching

sjhur dim: the labors of Paul Palmer in North Caro-

* . , lina, is derived from the journal of John

they hold Corner. This Baptist evangelist traversed

These the Province in the year 1737 and met the

In the

short

points visited and no

phuric ac attempt at detailed narrative, either touch-

r , . • ing the history of the past or the general

lectiy oxu con( jiti on f the churches in that period. It

sulphur r was through the publication of these notes

3 Sulr °^ trave l 'hat we can now safely affirm that

Mr. Palmer had succeeded so far as to es-

•fi-.e meca tablish a permanent caurch known as Shi-

* Vau lohj. This ancient and revered christian

XVIIS.

j>ible to

rounds,
drpgen.
Jur .that
ntaining
vent,
ts; but
b acid is
Lsengag-
II nitric
tied, be-

ly attract
r for sul-
;s to the
F iron is
as either
then the
ilphurets
ron con-
oined ac-

I their ox-
h certain
I they are
;, mercu-
ur may be
able of af-
ty for sul-
gen which

y from the
minimum,
c and sul-
i their per-
ce, and the

hh a few of
at it unites,
cit. 256.

chap, xvj body still maintains its existence and integ-
] rity, and has thus been recognized as the
When its I or i~ m anc * nucleus of the vast array of sim-
ilar organizations in our State.
hydrogenj Dr . David Benedict, in his Baptist His-
reduces tl tory, intimites that Paul Palmer got into
, , J some trouble which militated against his

y a ^ , usefulness as a minister of the gospel, but
he does not specify what this trouble was.

The viole
ing atmos
occasioned
nation ma
oxides wi
will be de
Fixed £

>osed ; the
)xide, and
and prob-
ded state,
surrouud-

This was a source of grief to the author of rise that is

these sketches until, in his researches in the
lately published Colonial Records, a discov-
ery was made as to the nature of Mr. Pal-
mer's offence. It seems from the old court
records of Perquimans county that in the
year 1720, he and his wife Joanna were in-
dicted for aiding in the rescue of a negro

ilar expla-
of metallic
ury, which

low oxide P" soner from the custody of the officer who
held him under arrest. It must have been

d, the yel-

VII. 'lj simply an ebullition of misplaced pity and

bustible lj sympathy for one in distress, for the record

. .] shows that David Richardson, then Attor-

store it t ne y QgQgj.^ refused to prosecute the case,

contained and the defendants were dismissed from

court without even so much as paying the

cost. ^

While the foregoing circumstance would
indicate a rash and impulsive nature, it by
no means involves any degree of moral tur-
pitude beyoud Mr. Palmer's failure to re
member the oft-repeated injunction of our
lutiors of Lord for his servants to obey the powers
that be. This constable, however humble a
representative, stiil embodied in himself the
majesty and sanctity of the law. Though
the preacher and his wife might be sure of
the falsehood and injustice of the charge
uiar ngq a g a i ns t their African neighbor, still they
(c) Tl were wrong in th-nr choice of a remedy. It
nhurette is. far better to endure oppression than in-
. j augurate rebellion, while there yet remains
who wisi a hope or possibility of rectifying the evils
may con inflicted. It was ill-advised, too, because fie,
i u tj Mr. Palmer might be sure that the enemies

6CI Dy JOiu)£-uii. uuuuuin T* :*•*. iiiin •■■-•■ ciuuni -".-.

the Philq^f bis faith would never stop to explain the

expose t
revived,
hibking
without

iron film
and the
el's hair

;rtain corn-
Id, and re-
n of gold,*
ircoal, and
jold will be
state, ex-
ige ensues
ire. of 212°.
e dilute so-
l gas from.
ie reduced,
> of a cam-
:xhibit reg-

uting phos-

The reader,

milar kind,

publish-

paper, ut-

\ r , TI | extenuating circumstances, when in triumph
V lll# they told how the Baptist missionary had
form, by i been indicted as a public malefactor. But
with all these suggestions ot worldly wis-
dom, he could still enjoy the high satisfac-
tion of knowing that his sufferings were the pie colour ;
result of no„selfish promptings. If he was p cw der of
numbered among malefactors, his Lord and
Master had undergone the same ignominy.

In his choice of a field wherein to labor

for the Lord, Mr. Palmer found a host of

, men, who would view his advocacy of Bap- -fluous acid*

and afterwl tist faith and practices with anything but

favor. Perquimans was the very center and

IX. W

riate of g
and, whei
Cassius,

* The ni
previously

a metallic

f nitro-mu-

jtaliic salt,

should be

largely dilv.
lew pieces
of the colo'
will begin
washed an
tate of Cas
solution of
acid.

X. Gol(

of gold is \

real solutii

the gilding

it protects

XL Su

humid wa

with heat

XII. 1

pelling ai

are very

ter of hi;

Gold. 1

of the Ai

Transact

alloys of

add that

poses, h

loyed wii

some kit

in any re

io be o\v

ijuantity

bout j-qi

The c

parts of

gold, wl

pure mi

using tr

an cqua

nucleus ot botn Jiipiscopal and Quaker influ-
ences. The strongest congregations of both
these sects were to be found where he began
his work of evangelization. The strongest
imagination would fail in its endeavor to de-
pict the scorn and surprise of the one party
and the cool indifference of the other. The
men of the Established Church were too
much under the control of Ed ward Moseley
to offer any show of real persecution ; for
that patriot and statesman, while warmly
adhering to the dogmas of his church, was
still ever the advocate of religious freedom.
He was too powerful both in the General
Assembly and Church councils, fjr any open
infringement of the spirit of the charters ;
so all the vexation of the people of his faith
expended itself in petty schemes to abuse
the unwelcome intruder in the public mind.

The people of Albemarle had been too
often disgusted with the Established clergy-
men, for any real attachment to have been
formed toward them and the faith they rep-
resented. Some, of these English preachers,
as the Rev. John Urmstone and others, not
only neglected the sacred duties they were
sent from across ths seas to fulfill, but also
led shameless and immoral lives. Urmstone
was notorious for his many vices. He was
repeatedly arrested in the streets of Edenton
and punished by the court for his drunken-
ness and profanity. That such a man could
be permitted tor long yeaTS to receive the
bounty of benevolent Englishmen, shows to
what a low ebb the morals of the people in
both hemispheres had descended. A candid
statement of affairs requires that such disa-
greeable truths should be made known, but
it must not be once imagined that there
weie no real and devoted christians in the
Episcopal clergy. There were many who
would have died to maintain the integrity
of the Protestant faith, but the fatal effects
of the restored Stuart dynasty on the public
morals bad not yet been succeeded by wiser
and better courses. I

It was thus that Paul Palmer and his co-
adjutors found the people billing aad eager
to receive the messengers who 3a me with
promise of better things. Taking 1725 as
the year of the first real Baptist evangel in
North Carolina, it seems almost incredible
how fast their influence spread over the
Province. Among Mr. Palmer's earliest
converts was the Rev. Joseph Parker. He
was the main stay and support of the Evan-

p. xviiio

:1 with a
become

ecipitate

hen well
precipi-

mixing a
muriatic

the oxide
the ethe-

pplied to

its, which

>ld.

e dry and
digested.

ons of cu-
tis. They
44th chap-
ry, article
Commerce
lilosophical
pecting the
owever, to
many pur-
elted or al-
ar fact, that
kr defective
rhis appears
! very small
tals only a-
rious .effect,
number of
ure. Thus,
ns 22 of the
pure gold,
alloyed with

Hw*$

SECT. II.

I. Platina,

contaminated b;
and, in fact, is i
in no other pla<
until about two
grey silver ores
brought from t
the ore of platir|
our than iron,
been contrived
Platina;) butt
appears to me
cated by Mr. f
nal.* It is uni
the metal may
among other p
II. Platina 1

1. It is a wi
exceeding it,
which may be

2. It is extr
ever, by the bl

S. It is not i
tion of heat ar>
to a circuitoui
composed by
trie acid. Tl
drive off the z
of platina at t
oxygen. Th
colour, and lc
bined with 9

4. Platina j

other metal b

* A process J

scribed by Desi

■{■ Two piece

with a kind of

nently united 1

VOL. II.

gelist, and Fo^eTnef the greater portion of
eastern Carolina and 1 southeastern Virginia.
The second church organized -under their
labors was at a point in Bertie but now
Hertford county, just ouUide the future vil-
lage of Murfieesboro. This was long kuown
as Parker's Meeting House, in compliment
to Mr. Parker, its first pastor. He removed
from Pasquotank and dwelt the remainder
of his life on the farm just in the rear of the
Chowan Baptist Female Institute. Joseph
Parker was never a bri liant orator, nor was
he very wide in the range of his acquire-
ments. His chief trait was his indomitable
adherence to whatever opinion he first adop- •
ted. He could never be persuaded to take
part in Association or Convention, and so
long as he and his son, Rev. William Par-
ker, lived, they kept by their influence the
Meherrin congregation in the same attitude.
Although every other Baptist church in the
commonwealth had joined the Sandy Creek
or Kehukee Association, these men of iron
wills still, with their single church, stood
aloof and would take no part in the great
work that Burkitt and his colaborers were,
with God's help, carrying on. It is a singu-
lar coincidence that after the lapse of a cen-
tury and a half we see Rev. Hersey B. Par-
ker, who is the direct descendent, five de-
grees removed from this ancient worthy,
reviving in our day the very same crudities
and mistakes.

Paul P tinier lived long enough to see a
great advancement effected both in religious
and political affairs under the wise and gen-
tle rule of Gov. Gabriel Johnston. A
mighty host of settlers came pouring in
from every direction, and North Carolina in
a few years had a populati jn four fold
greater tlian when the Scotch ruler arrived.
The Baptists had made a start in their great,
work of evangelizing this and other Ameri
can Provinces, and from ihence onward their
career has been unbroken. Thouyh men
would yet shudder as they recalled the hor-
rors of the Tuscarora massacre in 1711, still
the Lord's work of saving the souls of those
who had committed the bloody crime, must
be at least attempted. The hardy settlers
kept pushing on in the wilderness towards
the setting sun. To such people also the
gospel must be preached. This matter of
planting and sustaining churches in the Col-
ony had been a source of continual struggle
and content ever since the time when Col.
Daniel as Governor of Albemarle had in-
duced the General- Assembly to puss the law
5

h 1S

ces;
ered
ri*a,
iome
been
ct of
col-
have
rticle
;able,
nuni-
Jour-
s; as
>rice ;

reatly
•avity,

how-

nt ac-
ourse
:>e de-
in ni-
» as to
oxide
s 13 of
green
r, corn-
to no

;, is de-
^ige 334.
covered
: perms-

5. It is

ed on or
vessel

6. TJ

oration
is decoi
reducec

7. T!
precipit
acter, p
separat

platina

known as the "Vestry Act." The people" (IP. XVIII.
had been promised repeatedly by King
Charles II. and the Lords Proprietors that- if
they would come f o America they should
and oxyge ^ave j n Carolina the fullest religious liberty

This Vestry Act was directly in opposition

to such a promise. It provided perempto

rily that every parish should elect twelve

, Vestrymen whose duty it should be to raise

is obtau by taxation out of all the people money with
which to build an Episcopal chapel, and
then to levy $150.00 more each year as a
salary for a rector of the same faith and
order.

The Baptists and Quakers said, with truth
and justice, that the building of su'ch a
chapel and the salary of such a rector were
no concerns of theirs. They had a church
of their own and a pastor of their own to
support. Let the Episcopal people build
their own house and pay their own rectors.

thus oh( That it was an outrage to thus pillage men

of their hard earnings to sustain others who

were too often viler than the heathen Afri-

M cans they essayed to convert and baptize.

nor by ! The law proved abortive in most of the
! counties by the dissenters choosing men of

contam tne ^ r own creeds as Vestrymen. Of course,

9. It these would make no levies for church build-
nresent * n S' nor wou ^ they employ a lector.

To such men the coming of Mr. Palmer
paler b] was as a most grateful dispensation of Provi-

10. "i dence. They heard the story of our Lord's
• •. passion with streaming eyes and hundreds

P " were added to the Baptist fold. The new
compov county of Bertie, which included all the
so it fo North Carolina territory between the Ko-
.. anoke and Chowan rivers, became a center

ding to Q f m fl Lience from which missionaries pro-
muriat< ceeded to evangelize'the more remote set-
id have tlements. By and-by the Episcopal chapels
of St. John and St. Luke in Manney's Neck
prismai f oun d themselves almost deserted. The
reddisr handy men and women, who were peopling
fid con a wilderness, instinctively turned to the

" faith and forms that centuries before had L ette( j hydro
won the hearts of the Galilean shepherds • ^

and fishermen. How long the man lived,
, who had thus come from afar to labor in a
also oy g e j^ Q f w j 1 | c ] 1 hg knew nothing, is now for-
which gotten. But his name is yet fresh in our
memories, and the labors he endured still
bear their fruits in the region where two
such great christian organizations as the .
Chowan and West Chowan Associations mi nishes con
uumber their adherents by the myriad. The bles.

11,
gen, w

gold.

12.
also m
sideral

13.

i-muriatic

to effect

tb be pour-

.t in a glass

ed solution

ireful evap-
uescent. It
ps, which is

ertyofbeiBg
$y this char-
and may be
precipitate;
leaves pure

te of potash,
is owing to

allic acid as
s gradually

: solution, a
but a triple
ith soda, al-
ined, by ad-
ts weight of
is of the flu-
cooling, fine
; and either
• of a beauti-
67.)

decomposed r

is obtained ;

solution of

f potash, and

lights still burn bright! y on the altars he L_ • mnr ; n f»
rhe most qcih.«v *~J. ww.c present w. r ._Jna is muriate

erected so long ago, and a great people de-
light in doing honor to the name and mem-
ory of Paul Palmer, lie served the Master
in his day and generation, and is now enjoy- quiring

SECT. IV.

per-sulphate

155 parts of <j ^ n S " toat rest which remaineth to the peo- lsn ings

.-',-, i pie of God." • , .

with cold wat |u, ana

the salt is renWea much more insoluble.

When the super-sulphate is heated for some time, at a temper-
ature exceeding that of boiling water, it loses still more acid, and
is changed into a hard grey mass. When this is removed from
the fire, and boiling water poured upon it, a lemon yellow colour-
ed powder is formed called Turbith Mineral. This substance re-
quires for solution 2000 parts of water. One hundred parts con-
sist of 10 sulphuric acid, 76 mercury, 1 1 oxygen, and 3 water.

VI. The nitric acid dissolves mercury, both with and without
the assistance of heat. At the common temperature, but little
nitrous gas is evolved by the action of mercury on nitric acid ;
and the acid becomes slowly saturated. The solution is very pon-
derous and colourless ; and yields, by evaporation, large transpa-
rent crystals. The solution does not become milky when min-
gled with water. Pure fixed alkalis give a yellowish white pre-
cipitate ; and ammonia a greyish black one.

But if heat be used, a brisk effervescence arises, occasioned by
the escape of nitrous gas, and a solution is obtained, in which the
metal is more highly oxidated, and the acid is in less proportion.
When this solution is poured into cold water, a yellowish white
sediment is formed ; or, if into boiling water, an orange coloured,
one. Both precipitates consist of nitric acid, with a great excess
of oxide, forming an insoluble sub-nitrate of mercury .

If the last mentioned solution be boiled with a fresh quantity of
mercury, the newly added metal is taken up, without any dis-
charge of nitrous gas, the metal becoming oxidized at the expense
of that already dissolved.

When the nitrate of mercury is exposed to a heat gradually
raised to 600° or upwards, it is deprived of water and of most of
its acid, and reduced to an oxide, which has the form of brilliant
red scales. This substance, commonly called red precipitate^ is
termed more properly the nitrous oxide of mercury.

VII. Mercury is the basis of a new fulminating compound dis-
covered by Mr. E. Howard. To prepare this powder, 100 grains
(or a greater proportional quantity not exceeding 500) are to be
dissolved, with heat, in a measured ounce and half of nitric acid.
The solution being poured cold upon two measured ounces of al-
cohol, previously introduced int© any convenient glass vessel, a

vol. it, 6

mode

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

White BY JOHN W. MOORE,' STATE. HISTORIAN.,

and t!

actioi Memoir II — Kev. William Sojourner.

l ecte{ CHAPTER ONE.

dried ■'^\ ie nrs t permanent English settlement
diate in America Was at Jamestown in Virginia.
re-ac There in the year of our Lord 1607, John
. . , Smith and his comrades rocked the cradle of
it» it : our new imperial republic. This colony on
100 8 James river was in many respects unlike all
. • ^ the others,' that later on formed the Ameri-
can Union. It was from its earliest incep-
powc! tion a pet of the Crown and the British no-
by lii hility. To its borders came hundreds of

young people who belonged to the proudest

ed, si
for tY.
iant
to se
of ru
bottl
the r

families in England. It was thus from the
statei beginning under the dominion and influence
of the English Established Church. Hard-
riding, deep-drinking, loud-swearing coun-
try squires, who really cared very little for
Christ as their mediator, were yet devoted
Churchmen. Utterly empty of faith, hope
and charity, they were yet ever ready and
willing to cut the throats of others who
failed to conform to the ritual and canons of
the English Church. Such men formed a
large majority of the Colonial Legislature.
V. 'j.Vv/n. :,- si-y imagined what a cruel and
brou mexcu ' s £ D l e system of laws such men would
enact. 'Their treatment of the Quakers
whe would have disgraced the Turks. When a
are • stranger came in their midst, the law re-
quired that the rector of the parish, or some
i y a other public officer, should see such person
is th and inquire of him as to the nature of his
with re hgi° U:3 opinions. If it appeared that he
conformed to the Thirty-nine Articles, or
subs was a Presbyterian in good standing, he was
T allowed to remain and find a home in the
Colony of Virginia. But wo unto all others!
If they came by way of the seas, the captain
of the ship bringing over such malignants
was required to carry them back to the port
from which they sailed. In cases such as
those, where men and women came south-
ward from settlements of Maryland and
Pennsylvania, they were forthwith expelled
from the borders of the Old Dominion, with
fearful penalties as the price of their return.
A few French Huguenots, under the express
orders of the Crown, were left unmolested,
for many of them became members of the
Episcopal congregations.

wate

hoi.

and

wan

accc

CHAP. XVIII.

is excited. A
c of the liquor,
the cessation of
tnmediately col-
> and cautiously
i. The imme-
t is liable to the

acid adheres to
l of light. From
)owder are ob-
fige2H.) This

gentle heat, or

ig mercury, is
ance were plac-
on, unobserved,
rted into a brill-
nto a heap, and
josed, a globule
e powder into a
hole reduced to
199.)

:id, but may be
re affinity. Thus
jioth well dried,
oxide of mercu-
This compound
ne components,
}te an insoluble
I'

its weight of

weight of alco-

the fixed alkalis

ange, and after-

3 are composed

SECT. IV.

ly insoluble
muriate by a
timony of th

In the lapse of time this fierce and rigid
exclusion of Baptists and Quakers was re-
laxed from the fact that such people were
Calomel, . too wise and self respecting to seek homes in te muri»
ate with abol such a community. Rhode Island, NewJer- t h en re ,

i sey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, both the Caro- .
peatedly subj ]} nas an d Georgia were ready and willing to 1S near '
give homes and fellowship to all whoiu good orrosive
faith came in their midst. To these Colonies t u e ^ G ^ m
flocked the persecuted Dissenters, and Vir-
ginia was left to enjoy for a season all the 802,) oi
honor and glory due such' faithful and dis-
creet sons of the Church. Lord, had they
not cast out in thy name all these vile and
deluded schismatics ? Were they not secure
from these insidious agents of sin and her-
esy ? .Alas, no ! Hdwever cruel their stat- ;
utes, Baptists of other communities resolved j
at length to risk life and all things temporal
in their efforts to redeem a noble, people
from such mistakes in religion and policy.
We are told by Rev. Dr. R. B. Semple in
his history of the Virginia Baptists, that
when the first of their evangelists began to
labor in Virginia the State and Church au-
thorities had them in such utter contempt
that they said it was useless to notice these
men. That they were so weak and obscUre
I - that no po^siole harm could arise from the
I people's hearing what such fanatics had to
Corr" sa ^' ^ was a ^ ter these humble Baptist evan
I gelists had won the hearts of hundreds of
I the people for the Master, that . the strong
arm of ecclesiastic wrath wis invoked. How he, with
long and nobly those Virginia Baptists .
out the addil wrought and suffered is one of the world's I
most heroic epics. They were the loving
allies and friends of Thomas .Jeff erson, Pat-
rick Henry and of James Madison in all
their great and protracted labors in securing
religious liberty for their State and nation.
At the very beginning of these Virginia

In calom<

cent . of oxy
determinate
Fourcroy ari
tive view of

Calo!

IX. The

gas.

X. Merci
and if these '
ry loses its i

10 fier
This

that of
am par a-
Llomel.

oxygen

lead, and an church troubles the subject of this memoir,

gular propei
powers of th
have alreadj

By comb:
dized, acquii
gold and sil
agitation in
tration of th
ies, in prom

XI. By ccj

metals ;
i mercu-
lgam of
i the sin-
ordinary

tercury,

the Rev. William Sojourner, aloner with

many of his'flock, came to North Carolina
for refuge. All the old records and tradi-
tions speak well of Mr. Sojourner. It sounds
almost like a romance to recall the facts
connected with him and his church at Burley
in Isle of Wight county. As early as 1714
the Burley congregation, being destitute of
a pa'stor, wrote such letters to the Baptists jg ju us .
of London, that two men, Robert Nordm '
and Thomas White, were ordained and sent
out to aid these American petitioners. The
two young men thus departing on the long
I and perilous journey of that era, no doubt
compounds. | f e lt many a swelling joy in their souls over odies u
nite and foJ their consciousness of giving up home and r hy fu
ni , m I all its comforts to serve the Lord. , Before

ily oxi-

Thus

ized by

of bod-

distinct

sion, and

celebrate
fourth vc
vol. ii.
trated so
monia.
left undi
and final
Journal,

the long and weary days had gone by which
were consumed in sailing from London to
James river, Thomas White sickened and
died. It was a dark and mysterious provi-
dence, and Robert Nordin, no doubt, grieved
ed cinnat long and sore over the death of his com pan -
vermilion * ori - ^ ut * ne sa dors wrapped the cold form
of the dead missi mary in a hammock and
thus gave him burial in the depths of the
ocean.

It seems that Robert Nordin preached un-
molested and with much success until his
death Dec. 1st, 1725. On the 30th day of
April, 1727, Richard Jones wasordaintd and
chosen as pastor to this same Burley congre-
gation. But the establishment of the Bap-
tist church in Prince George county and the
active evangelism of Rev. Casper Mintz,
along with pastor Jones, stirred up wrath
in the high places. The Episcopal parsons
and their lay strikers said these ' Baptists
were stirring up the world with their ha-
rangues and were thus liable to be punished
at law as disturbers of the public peace.
Magistrates who would hear a simple ser-
mon of loving exhortation to perishing sin-
ners — breathing peace and forgiveness of
injuries in all its extent would then see bru-
tal ruffians interrupt such a discourse by a
shower of rotten eggs, would see these same
men beat and almost drown the inoffensive
man of God. Sum a magistrate neither
sought to restrain the assailants, or to pun-
ish them afterwards, but in sublime mock-
ery of all human justice, would send his
sheriff or constable with orders to arrest
the injured preacher as a public nuisance
and disturber of the peace. Some of the
meek and gentle brethren would- so far com-
ply with these miserable Dogberry justices as
to give bond for their keeping the peace. But
others weie made of sterner stuff. They told
their wicked judges that they had violated
neither the public law nor the public peace,
and would therefore give no bond but rot in
their jails before their giving countenance to
a miserable perversion of law and justice.

Many of them made good all such brave
atteranc%si Like Paul ana Silas, they '■■■c
long months and weeks made the old jail
houses musical with their hymns of praise.
Great crowds of indignant and sympathetic
people gathered and were preached to from
the grated windows of the prison. It seemed
as if the gospel was never so powerful as
when God's servants were thus bearing wit-
ness amid danger and suffering on his ac-
count. Many hundreds professed to have
found peace as they thus stood and heard
the gospel proclaimed from the windows of
"~ihe iail.

(CAP. XVIII*

jhuret cali-
>n pigment
: long been
bed in the

f»ictionary,
g concen-
ret of am-
lich, *when
m orange,
icholson's

The <
Dr. Wo
followin

I. Rh
muriatic
of ammc
colour, \
have be<
portion (
metals L

1. Le
the solu
state of ;
with vei
dissolve
tro-mur
portion
tie tli tr
The dn
rhodiun
and the
dium m
dcr, am

2. \\
borax i
any dej

ngenuity of
tina, by the

na in nitro-
by muriate
le degree of
e acids that
iron, and a
, also, other

mmersed in
resent in the
pt drying it)

which will
in dilute ni-
eted, add a
>out one fif-
£entle heat,
tlladium and
;1 by alcohol,
£on the rho-
i black pow-
of the ore.
black ; with

infusible by
, by arsenic,

SECT. VII.

To prepa
lowing proc
per, and 50
phate on an
muriatic aci
per and its i
poured into
orange colo
that it can s
ed of

- /"^TjnXPTi.

II. Coppi
heat, and afi
phate of cop
water, (b)
alkalis. Th
on adding pi
per, a precip
kali, is re-dij
(c) The sulj
of this salt id
acquire a co
its acid on t
an oxide of
according tc

The sulpl
describes a

But all were not made of such stern stuff
as lo really enjoy the privilege of bearing
such testimony to the truth. The Rev. Wil-
liam Sojourner had succeeded Mr. Jones in
the pastorate of Burley. He and a large
proportion of the congregation grew weary
of the struggle and contention, and resolved
to leave their homes for the peace and qui
etude of North Carolina. Edgecombe was
then a new country. On Kehukee creek in
the latter bailiwick, Mr. Sojourner and his
colony halted, and there established the fa-
mous old Kehukee church. This region in
that era was very different in its aspects
from the county, Isle of Wight, where their
old homes were. All the region bordering
on James river was in that age thickly set-
tled and possessed of many social appli-
ances. Mr. Sojourner and the little flock
he led found the late hunting grounds of the
Tuscarora Indians covered by a vast unbro-
ken forest. A. few families had congregated
at and around tae village of Enfield where
the court-house for Edgecombe county was
located, but in 1740 the region selected as
the future residence of these christian refu-
gees was still in its primeval condition.
About thirty miles southward was the spot
on Contentnea creek whereon was built the
famous Indian fortress which was stormed
and captured during the late war. As all
the hostile Tuscaroras had left North Caro-
lina and found new homes in the lake coun-
try of New York, Mr. Sojourner and his col-
onists had only a few stragglers of that;
bloody tribe to fear in their new homes.
True, it was that occasionally a solitary man
or woman was found murdered and scalped
bv these vengeful spirits, but Thomas
Blount, the friendly chief, who still lingered
in Bertie by degrees captured and slew the
last of these murderous vagrants. Rev.
Joseph Parker and his coadjutor, Mr. Wing-
field, had no doubt been heard at Enfield
and elsewhere in Edgecombe proclaiming
the truth as held by the American Baptists,
but no church had been established nearer
than Sandy Run in Bertie. This church by
a strange coincidence came into existence in
the same year that saw the advent of Mr.
Sojourner and his people. It was not a great
distance thus across the Roanoke river be-
tween a regular Baptist chureh and the Vir-
ginia colonists in Edgecombe. There was,
no doubt much social intercourse between
the old and new Baptist denisons of that fer-
tile region, for no bridges were built across

thefol-
of cop-
the sul-
it with
he cop-
itash is
:d of an
itrongly
ompos-

boiling
a) Sul-
ilved by
bonated

Thus,
of cop-

the al-
olution.
solution
ill soon
ives-up
m ; and
nposedj

r, also,

omraon

with
read!
cppp

9 lane

^* great river separating them, still there

ere numerous ferries,
sulpi- The Rev. William Sojourner found a for-
cree m idable obstacle to the spread of his Baptist
views in the person of the Rev. Charles
Burgess. This latter was a clergyman of
the Episcopal church and was only equalled
in all the catalogue of his brethren of the
cloth by Rev. Charles Earle of Chowan.
3oth of these wise and godly men were
affbnj » rea ^y admired and trusted by the people,
and their influence was widespread and ever
for good in the land. The very fact that
Messrs. Earle and Burgess were so different
from the generality of those who had come
as Episcopal missionaries gave a greater in-
terest with the people. It had not been ex-
pected after their experience with Mr. Urm-
stone and others of his kind, that any Church
of England 'clergyman really cared for the
souls and salvation of thei flocks; but here
were men whose piety and rectitude no man
could doubt. It was thus hard work for Mr.
Sojourner to hold his own with such a rival
close by at Enfield. There has ever been a
love of pomp and spec-tide in the mind of
man. This has given the Romanists their
greatest hold upon the people. So, too, with
their daughter of Engltmd. She has retained
just enough of the shows and vestments to
avoid offending good taste. The Church, too,
has ever been in America a great aid to peo-
ple whose great desire is to rise in social con-
sideration. We constantly hear the worldly-
minded making sneering remarks as to the
want of refinement in the Baptist and Meth-
odist churches. They are like that proud
scribe of old who asked if any of the Phari-
sees had as yet believed on Jesus Christ.
We hear these his modern imitators often
testifying their devotion to their church, but
alas the name of him who died in such un-
speakable agony on Calvary is rarely on their
lips. That phantom they call 'The Church"
absorbs all the love and enthusiasm of such
believers, while the Virgin Mother and
deliquejj Mother Church serve a like purpose with
tallizes i tue Romanists. What is such folly but
i ki cheating God of the devotion we .owe to
soluble t him ? What is the church worth to any man
Stated, oj or woman beyond affording him a means of
testifying faith in the lamb of God who
taketh away the sins of the world? The
churches are, no doubt, great instruments of
grace and help us on in our efforts to do
what is right, but let us never forget that
after all they are only congregations of
weak and erring mortals. , They are God's
means of converting tb.-> world and keeping
in everlasting remembi ince the Great Shep-
herd and Bishop of our.?ouls.

CHAP. XVIJI.

■ the oxide. A

icomes covered
I is still more
the solutions of
bonate of lime
tr. This sub-

IV.

gas is

combii

When

solutio

precipi

with w

copper

that of

retains

water b

proport

to comfc

V. C

and a gi

dized to

d ; and nitrous
ting from this
ing with tin.
of copper, a
ue powder is
er combined
ist hydrate of
dro-oxide of
a heat below
ie; but still
smposed, its
dning, in the
' be brought

on copper;
>per is oxi-
nd generally
ie salt crys-
i are readily

Proust has

sect. vii. I Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in

North Carolina.
The wat

pathetic in!

ing, and ag

By dige

metal, it is

per being <

solution

Ttnuring it?

and is com

down an 01

,VI. Wl
of vinegar,
commerce
\y of a sul
lion, it fo
water.—- 1
a combine

VII. X
prussiate
is obtains
pigment
of copper

vin. I

three par
of sulphuj
tion, a b!
that prpdi

IX. Ar
copper,
in a phial 1
beautiful
fine blue'

X. Cc

BY JOHN W. MOOBE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir II — Rev. William Sojourner.

CHAPTER TWO.

In looking back through the long vista of
years which have elapsed since the Rev.
William Sojourner lived and labored on
earth, we are struck with astonishment
that so many of the mo^st enduring elements
of our faith and polity originated in the time
of his stay in the commonwealth, Njrth
Carolina, at that period, was in that plastic
condition which is most favorable for the
reception of religious and political truths.
In the gross and inexcusable neglect of then-
duties, both by the Lords Proprietors and
afterwards the Crown, the people had been
left almost entirtly to their own devices in
religious matters. It seemed" that of all the
host of preachers of the English ecclesiasti-
cal establishment, only a few men, who
coj,ild find no employment at home, veu
tared over as guides to heavenly places.
The people were quick to see th.it most of
these m-m needed reformation of life as
much as they did. It was only about this
very year of 1740, which saw .the advent of
the Burley colony, that Gov. Gabriel John-
ston and Mr. Edward Mostley succeeded in
obtaining real religious guides. The Bishop
of London, who claimed North Carolina as a
portion of his see, at last sent over the Rev.
Charles Earle to serve the churches of Eden-
ton and Perquimans. Bertie, then the most
populous county in the Province, was sup-
plied with a rector in the person of the Rev.
John Alexander, while Edgecombe rejoiced
in the presence and services of the Rev. Mr.
Burgess. All of these gentlemen were highly
acceptable and useful in their labors ; but in
Mr. Earle there was a culmination of social
and christian graces. He added piety and
zeal to his eloquence in the pulpit. He also
gave such an example in his daily walk
among his people, taat all could see how
much he was concerned for their souls. All
three of these ancient divines lived and died
at their posts, and left issue as mementoes of
their virtues. Such men of course gave a
great impetus to the lagging fortunes of
Episcopacy in North Carolina. They did
much to atone for the sins of their wicked
predecessors, and had all their successors in
1775 possessed the same wisdom and influ-
ence, their church would have escaped its
shipwreck and prostration.

I of sym«
by warm-

gs of the

II of cop-
[y held in

merely
oxygen
lis throw

the fumes
rdegris of
1 and part-
l evapora-
soluble in
; acid, and
rts

solution of
precipitate
.chett as a
e solutions

nixture of
h one part
■ combina-
brightnessj

o-oxides of
m together
acquires a
gentle heat,

als, and af-

most usefi
also, the
Prince H-,

54 Mr. Sojourner heard also of the arrival, at

Salem, of the first instalment of the German

fords seve sect styled by themselves "The United

. c yc Brethren." These Moravians were in many

ac respects the counterparts of the ^English

Copper, v Quakers. Count Zinzendorf, eight years be-

with abou f° re ) had begun his wonderful system of

missions. Lay brothers, who labored daily

for their own food and clothing, were sent

out in many foreign parts to bear to other

peoples the gospel that had wrought so great

a change in their own hearts They, too,

sometimes were soon to establish themselves at Salem,

And when and add another feature to the ecclesiastical

white and kaleidosco P e of tlie a g e -

The Rev. George Whitfield and also the
two Wesley s were stirring the British peo-
ple into a wondrous enthusiasm with their
new Methodist societies. Ever and anon
echoes came from New England repeating
the story of how the Rev. Jonathan Ed-
Iron ha wards was animating the dry bones of Con-
of lish gregational coldness and apathy. Theloug-
" " enduring and widespread religious blight
to the sar which had come upon all English-speaking
more duct people as the result of the wicked rule of the
two last Stuart kings, was at last yielding to
out into w the itl fl ueuces f a hvelier faith. The Bap-
a wire onh tist preachers had never intermitted their
aweicrhtol W01 'k OI exhortation for a higher standard of
devotion, and at last God was answering
their prayers.

Gnly twenty years had elapsed since Paul
Palmer had come in Albemarle, when Mr. So-
journer and his little band of Burley exiles ar-
rived on the oanks of Roanoke river, but a
air is mois great work had been accomplished in that
short interval. The cluster of churches,
g ua g c > r " 80on to join in forming the Kehukee As-
change g< sociation, were organized and at work
lakes Dlac ^tending the bounds of Baptist influence.

small frac Many people have expressed astonishment
d " that the Established Church of the Province

? so soon succumbed in the struggle for su-

ptojected premacy ; but no student of English history
iancy. T neecl wonder over such a fact. It was, as
the Right Honorable Joseph Chamberlm,
the.famous M. P. for Manchester, lately de-
clared, the people knew that ever' since the
days of King Henry VIII., this State Church
had been found on all occasions the enemy
of popular liberty and privilege. All the
great franchises extorted from the Crown
had been won with the bishops and clergy
in solid array against such movements. And
the church, says Joseph Hume, is to day
what it was in the times of Hampden and
Pym. In every great struggle, when the

Iron is
point is ab
the followi

I. 1. A

and is stil
of

The

VP. XVI1J.

p common
and iron.
'otrtnetal ;
brass, the
per form,
?, Similar,
1 tin, and
run-metal.
>eautifully
im-metal.

;h degree
e beat out
t is much
be drawn
i such that
upporting
7.6 to 7.8.
Ls melting
ertics are

when the

nraon lan-

dsed, this

nscly hot,

Thus the

rging, un-

on filings,

able brill-

sk colour,

100 parts

b rough

nited iron
'imbustion

SECT. VII

be formed
sulphate <j
tions have
ed as remi

VIII
soluble in
compositiu
ate of ami
of succina
es to heat ;
tity of lin;
second rec;
black oxic
tation of a
od of estin
or in any c

IX. Th
on iron, an
calico-priri,
double de^
or of lead
boiling a
lead in a

This co
other salt
minimum
the latter
calico-prin

X. Iron
A few iron
casionally
solution is
ure to air.

. XI. Iroi
, characters'
Uheir comf
• ter, if in si

(b) A mix
(accurately

union exhi

Bf.his VOl.)

British Parliarnenc nas been called upon to
widen the influence and power of the people,
the spiritual Lords have been ever found
opposing such boon and aiding selfish mon-
archs in their efforts to resist the demands
of the House of Commons.

Then, too, the habits and bearing of the
Established clergy had raised barriers be-
tween them and the great body of the popu-
lation. The sons of wealthy and titled fam-
ines were generally educated with the view
of their assuming holy orders long before
any evidence was afforded that even piety
was theirs, much less the experience of an
actual call to preach the gospel. It seemed
like mockery to hear such a candidate avow
at his ordination that he felt assured that
God bad called him to fulfill such duties, and
yet was ready to mock at the mere mention
of the new birth in Christ. Hundreds of
such youths were supplied with curacies and
rectories by the bare dictum of some rich
landlord who mocked at and despised the
very name of religion. The English papers
of this same, week in October, 1891, tell us
that the Marquis of Aylesbury holds eleven
such presentations while the still more noto-
rious Lord Lonsdale had no less than forty -
two. At the bidding of these two wicked
and worldly aristocrats, thousands of chris-
tian people are thus forced to receive the
men who are to minister to them in holy
things.

Such were some of the many causes of the
amazing success of the pioneer Baptise
preachers in North Carolina and her sister
Provinces. Congregations were formed in
the short interval of time already mentioned
from Currituck as far west as Johnston
county, and all of them were the fruits of
missions sent out from Shiloh, Meherrin,
Sandy Run and fOhukee churches Tn alj
the region south and west of Roanoke river,
the Rev. William Sojourner was the leading
spirit in this great work of evangelizing a
destitute and forsaken people.

The disastrous battle of Culloden, fought
on the moors of Scotland in the year of our
Lord 1745, led to a gre^t emigration from (he
highlands of that country. The gentle he-
roine, Flora McDonald, and thousands of
her compatriots, found homes along the
upper ranches of the Cape Fear river. The
nucleus of this settlement, now known as
Fayette ville, was called Cross Creek in that
day. It does not appear that the Baptist
missionaries effected much among them
until a much later period in our history.
Neither Mr. Sojourner, nor any of his cler-

i and oxy-

prepara-

:ommend-

mass, in-
ouble de-
af succin-
recipitatc
>th expos-
nail quan*
d, and the
Tow as the
ie precipi-
ady melh-
hat metal,

'owly up-
dying and
ained by-
te of lime
1, also, by
dtates the

t, like its

is at the

on. It is

dyer and

Dnic acid.

r, and oc-
iial. The
by expos-

unds, the
anions of
, and wa-
ito flame,
f sulphur,
moment of
:he end of
>n of iron

and sulpl
from a si
compoun
preserve!
best adaj
diluted a
ly decorr,
riatic aci
In the
in the na'
Mr. Hat<
compour
the othei
be callcc
guished
super-su
sulphuri
gen gas.
and give
One bus

And 10'

XII.

the vari
compoi
a small
kinds c
quanti
ed by
feulphu
x^alysis
quantit
aminat
The

ical coadjutors, could s peak "the Gallic
tongue ; so the Scotch settlements failed to
participate in the great evangel of the pe-
riod.

Just west of the Baptist congregations of
Johnston county began the settlements of
the Scotch- Irish Presbyterians. These brave,
thrifty and devoted.christians were so well
supplied With preachers of their own, that
missionaries rather sought out the waste and
destitute regions. They were not so anxious
to proselyte their brethren of other persna
sions as they were to *arry the word to those
settling in the "region and shadow of
death. 1 ' Indeed, all that we know of Mr.
Sojourner's traits as a man and a christian
goes to show the amiability and delicacy of
hi3 sensibilities. Sooner than contend with
the bigoted and intolerant Churchmen in
Virginia, he had jshaken the dust from his
feet as testimony against them, and came
for peace to North Carolina. He was not a
man for controversies of any kind. How-
ever devoted he may have been in his adhe-
sion to Baptist sentiments, yet he never
grew restless or unhappy when he realized
how many men and women were ignorant
of, or scoffers at, ihe truth of 'such a faith.
His charity was boundless and unfailing.
He no more limited God's saving grace to
the narrow confines of his own sect, than to
some race charm out from all nations.

Mr. Sojourner was enough blessed of God
to be permitted to see the wide diffusion of
the truth as he held it while still alive in the
flesh. He saw«and heard of new churches
continually being added to those already in
existence, but like Moses on Pisgah, he was
denied the privilege of seeing . them join a
holy league for purposes offensive and de-
fensive in carrying on the great war against
the Devil and his agents. The Baptist
churches of North Carolina had not yet ob-
tained the consent of their minds and souls
for concerted action. Philadelphia and
Charleston had seen great things accom-
plished by means of the Baptist Associa-
tions bearing their names. Their missiona-
ries were earnestly persuading our people
to surrender this ignoble and unworthy dis-
trust of God's people, evinced by such fears
of their good faith. Surely churches ac-
knowledged and confessed to be indepen-
dent could always have the right of with-
drawing from such such a league if it trans-
gressed its charter. How, then, could there
arise any danger to the autonomy or integ-
rity of even the weakest congregation ? On

IAP. XVI«.

pwing heat>
bur. The
nd may be
hur, this is
n gas with
ned, rapid-
ric or mu-
)gen gas.

as well as
Proust and
f so. Two
th a larger,
former may
h is.distin-
iuret. The

in diluted
;tted hydro -
he magnet,
ilute acids.

>rtions ; and
lerties in the
mbination of
the different
c. &c. The
>e determin-
he iron and
i mode of a-
|rtaining the
on under ex-
dlic state.
of essential

SECT. VIII. mew- 63

I the otiier hand, what a world of benefits j

differences C0Ul t!- be e ^ ected fr °P fe close compan ducedb
uu^iwu-i-ai lonship and .community of interests implied _ '

slight diffe in such an organization. Such men as the owes its
properties i ^ ev> Joseph Parker might still adhere to the unbago.
j old order of things, but no such disposition
Cast or d mar ked the course of. William Sojourner. s- ox yg en »
carbon, andj He was ever foremo^tdn all good works and d on the
various pro! ™ ad ° h ^ self a .monument in the hearts of tack) anc i

r ! his brethren ; but when in A. D. 17bo ihe, . ,
least in the Baptist clans at last gathered at old Kehu- ming,the
carbon and! kee to form the long-wished for Association, tn of car-

bonic oxid * he R f v l ™ iam S °J 0U > ner f was on] y t t liere Les to the

1 in spirit. The gooi man for some time
earthy mat had rested in his narrow grave, and nothing ense slag.
After this v Dut tae memory of. his great services re- h may be-

., .1 mained to cheer .and. animate his people. ■ - •■r-
considered 1 He had fought a good figbt and died more n «» com-
bination.* j than a conqueror. In all good faith and n contact
with charcJ simplicity he had done what he could to ima u n ro „
1 serve his Lord and benefit his people, and in TV. ' ■' „
portion onlj so doing had ]eft a name t0 £ e honored for entirely ot

the proper all time. *es a good

deal harder, yet it may au« — ^vmu... xiy union with a still far-
ther quantity of carbon, it loses altogether the property of weld-
ing ; is rendered harder and more compact ; and forms the fine
cast steel. Steel, therefore, though like cast iron it contains car-
bon, yet differs from it essentially in being destitute of oxygen
and earth.

Another combination of iron and carbon, which is a true car-
buret of iron, is the substance called plumbago., or black-lead,
used in fabricating pencils, and in covering iron to prevent rust.
By exposure to the combined action of heat and air, the carbon is
burned off, and the oxide of iron remains. When mingled also
with powdered nitrate of potash, and thrown into a crucible, a de-
flagration ensues ; and an oxide of iron, equal to about one tenth
the weight of the plumbago, may be obtained by washing off the
alkali of the nitre. From recent experiments of Messrs. Allen
and Pepys, it appears that pure plumbago, when burnt in oxygen
gas, leaves a residue of oxide of iron amounting only to about 5
fier cent. ; and that it gives very nearly the same quantity of car-
bonic acid, by combustion, as the diamond and charcoal. When
intensely heated in a Toricelljan vacuum by a Voltaie battery,
Mr. Davy found that its characters remained wholly unaltered.
Neither could any evidence of its containing oxygen be derived
from the action of potassium. (Philosophical Transactions, 1809.)

* It has been lately suggested by Hassenfratz, and with some probabili-
ty, that iron, which is manufactured with wood charcoal, owes much of its
superiority to combination with potassium. (Nicholson's Journal, sxv. 51.)

64c-

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

KY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir III — Uev. Shubal Stearns.

CHAPTER ONE

I. Tool

under that

lution, evz rj-- he ] a t ter na lf f t he eighteenth century
three or fi was crowded with events which were of sig-
<lrvness na * i lu P° ,ta ^ lce t0 the human race, but to

in a solut
easioning
bonic aci<

P. XVIII.,

ually sold

; the so-

again, for

d boiled to

dissolved
by its oc-
dn no car-

dryness ;
weight of
le for half

ichter, in
letal in a

nd tin.

when hot ;

specific

the even and minds of many christian ob-
servers, there was a visible decline in all the
elements which constitute the nobler traits
in religious and moral character. The influ
ence of four kings had reacted disastrously
and, after on the three leading nations of the world"
black flu > Louis XIV. in France, Charles II. and his
, brother, James II. in England, and the

or three t g reat wa , T ior, Frederick of Prussia, had
Anothe each and all led such lives and professed
Nicholson sucn sentiments that millions of men and
women were more or less debarred through
state ol pi their corrupting influence. The low sensu-
■1. Its c altsin and disregard for truth in the lives of
2 It is *' Qe ^ ISI t ^ iree were supplemented in r he
ambuuyto arid atheism of the great Get ;nau.

3. It is it seemed that all the benefits won through
and hamr the piety aud heroic constancy of Martin

. . Luther in his struggle for human emancipa-
gtavuy is ^ on jj ac j out re!? ulted in unbelief and con-

4. In h tempt for all things in religion and morals.

5. Nici Preachers aud priests vied with men of the
. . world in theii* lives, of shameless disregard

oxidation. for all lrje restraints incident to their holy
of air, it i functions. They could be found not onl\
tic ™ re echoing the doubts and sneers of Hujue,
. Gibbon and Voltaire, but too often were also
erately 11 profane, adulterous and openly drunken in
lin^e of b their lives. With such religious guides and
Vl i civil governors it was not for a moment i.

ivlaprot ■ tnin g to De won dered at thit great masses
comes bl< of the people came to distrust and despise
78 metal a ^ wno adv0Cite d a higher morality aud a bn thrown

... closer walk with God.
into boiln To read at t hi s day the strictures of the
drate of Rev. Sidney Smith upon the Methodist :x * n a
sufficient! niovemeut under the Wesleys and Whitfield Without ad-

and also on the missionary eflbrts started tyv

dition ; n Carey and Fuller, we can faintly realize

or platint something of the utter worldliness of the

, great body of the clergymen of that period.

a *' Mr. Smith was even better than the inajor-

6. The ity of his brethren of the cloth and surpat-sed

rior to wl them as much in the purity of his life, as

. he excelled them in intellectual endowments.

in the usuai moues. — - —

t states of
ee access
still mag-
and mod-
:h a slight
:ording to
ion, it be-
ilichter, of

Id, silver,
rfect met*

little infe-
s polarity

• BCT. XII.

II. Thoj
/ temperatui

tion.

When
zinc beco
a crucible,'
inflames ;
light oxide i
ed wool. 1
er volatile
has been ej
consist of 8
in a retort c
assumes a 3
88 parts of
mum, Gay
or about 19

III. Zim
volves, dui
gas, when <
A stream
has been fo
platina wir<
This hydro
by a proces;
blende, or <
tube, whic
red-hot, th«
is producec
.hydrogen,
surface of \
■when recen
impregnate

The solu
tals. This
not precipil
■stated; bul
of ignited s

VOL. 11.

Yet such a man was capable of advising ihe
British king to arrest and punish as rn al
factors, the brave men who had gone in want
and peril to seek and to save the perishing
millions of the heathen East. Nothing but
that traditional love and respect uf the Eng-
lishmen for individual liberty and their
dogged resolution that no man, however
humble, should be denied its privilege,
saved Dr. Carey and his associates from
speedy expulsion from Bengal. That talis-
manic charm which every British citizen
bears along with him around the whole
broad world, made the Governor General
pause and forbear from carrying out the pol-
icy recommended by the great Episcopal
preacher iu Loudon. But when Juusonaud
rtice came upon the scene, no such difficulty
arose in the tu Ailment of his wishes. These
two Americans could not, like the Apostle
Paul, arrest his resentment by the plea of
their birthrights. Being foreigners, they
were at once driven from the land on the
plea that their pr-aa:hing would endanger
continuance of English control.

A long and unrelenting prosecut on of the
Baptists, both in Great Britain and America,
had greatly crippled and circumscribed their
religious influence on the people of that
wicked and adulterous age in the world's
history. Then, too, the loose tenants of
John Bunyan and his Baptist supporters
touching open iommunion had resulted in
filling their churches with crowds of uncon-
verted people. The result of all this could
be nothing else than the loss of that ancient
zeal and ardor which had presei^ed the Bap-
tist name and principles through long cen-
turies of bloody persecution. The same
people, who, in their dauntless constancy,
had held aloft the light of truth in so many
lands, being thus chained like Paul to a body
of death, not only lost much of their olden
faith and purity, but became oblivious of
their duties as to rescuing the world from

its state of enniuy to God. A century ear-
lier, Baptists were found disregarding all the
bloody penalties proclaimed by kings and
prelates against the promulgation of their
principles and were winning souLs and suf-
fering therefor in every part of Christendom.
Since the advent of Will am and Mary
upon the British throne, a great degree of
freedom from pains and penalties had been
enjoyed, both in Great Biitain and Amer-
ica. This to eration, as it was called, of a
faith so hateful to the average Pedobap'ist,

at a low
to igni-

ts fusion,
own into
suddenly
hite and

to card-
no long-
;lass. It
inds it to
d to heat
gen, and
msists of
q maxi-

oxygen,

which e-

and the

e. metal.

fig- 34,)
in of the
property,
obtained
:, called
porcelain
id, when

gas that
buretted
:d on the
.f burned
e of this

lar crys-
olution is
variously
ive 61.24

Mr.!
water, t
cid.

IV.
lence.
delique;

V. IV
drogen j
cvapora
may be
circums
vaporat
viscidit]

VI.
ing the
super-a
of lead
evapora

VII.
tions, ai
compou
zinc filh
VIII.
phur.
phur co
impregr
time, thi
is proba'

IX. 2
is of a w
some rrn
gree of I

X. Zi
metals,
tloned in

had also served to disarm and neutralize the
Baptists in their traditional activity toward
extending the limits of their faith and prac-
tice. In the midst of such torpor and for-
getfulness of duty the Baptist people were
startled like the Jews of old by two young
men who were to prove themselves worthy
successors of that eloquent eremite who,
seventeen centuries before, had the honor of
proclaiming oar Saviour'? advent. As John
the Baptist found a world lost in sin and
forget fulness of God, so too did John Wes-
ley and George Whitfield, . Protestant and
Romauist nlske were sleeping on their posts,
and beyond the efforts of the handful of
faithful Moravians, the great work of the
world's redemption seemed to have come to
a complete standstill. The two young stu-
dents who, «m id their careless compeers at
the great English University, had given
their hearts to Jesus and his cause, right
nobly redeemed the promises and pledges
made ea 'h other in those halcyon days of
their youth. Many lauds and many peoples
heard these wondrous heralds pleading the
cause of the new birth in Christ and a closer
walk wLh God.

It w*s under the magic utterances of
Whitfield that Shubal Stearus was awakened
to a sense of his acceptance with Christ.
The name of this Baptist, worthy had been
long known and spelled by the people of our
State as given above, but some authors give
him the title of Shubael. It is too late how-
ever, to niter that which has been so long
established among us, and we shall there-
fore continue to speak of him as did our
forefathers aud designate him, as of old,
the Rev. Shubal Stearns. Bt- was born Jan-
uary 6th, 1706, and was reared in or near
the city of Bostou, in the State of Massa-
chusetts. He bad been baptized according
to the practice and ritual of the New Eng
land Puritans, but under the heart-searchirg
discourses of George Whitfield first really
knew the Loid For a time after his con-
version he remained a member of a New
Light Congregational church, but grew dis-
satisfied with their views r It wis thus that
he cam a for mental peace to % join himself to
a Baptist flock that was then recently allowed
to exist on the part of the Colonial authori-
ties, simply because of stringent orders from
London imperiously commanding the public
authorities to relax in the hard hearted
measures they had before exercised toward
the Baptists and Quakers in their midst. In
the close union of Church and State, which
hid so long existed in Massachusetts, there

:hap. xvi

deprived «i
sulphuric j

ith great vio
md affords

I evolves hy-l
it cannot, by]
ilt, however J
, from which!
n rapidly e-
ewhat of the

ctly dissolv-
solutions of
lble sulphate
olution. By
It.

lkaline solu-
A similar
of nitre and

nity for sul-
wers of sul-
ss. Water,
», after some
Ltate, which

uret of zinc
ead. It has
t a high de-

f the other
been men-

SECT. XIII.

mjeta;

Bismuth
brilliant plal
9.822, but is
the hammer,
can it be dra

I. Bismut
Fahrenheit ; j
distinct crysl

II. When'
with an oxid
olent heat it
but, with th^
hales in the i
ies. This o.
a yellow trar
which we ar
89.3 bismuth

III. Sulpl
engaged, j?
is changed i:

IV. Nitrh
part and a hi
muth, broke
It is decomp
precipitated,
sists of oxid*
This pigmei
by sulphurc
stances in g

V. Muris
prived of wi
affords a so;
erly called ''

VI. Bisri
ink. The

had resulted such a state of affairs that little
true aud vital religion was left in tbe com-
munity. An outward adhesion and con-
formity to the Established Church bad soon
taken the place of all the zeal aud enthusi-
asm of the men and women who constituted
the congregation brought fr >m beyond the
seas by the good ship May Flower. In the
cold aud lifeless formalities of the New Eng-
land people there Avas a large reproduction
of the hateful Phariseeism so sternly de-
nounced by our patient and merciful Sa-
viour. So overweening and intolerant was
this spirit that even the wisdom and piety
of Jonathan Edwards could not avail in
distrming their jealousy and resentment
against every man who presumed in any
way to differ in religious and political senti-
ment from those of this Yankee Sanhedrim.
All of Dr. Edwards' fame for splendid tal-
ents, consecration to God and burning zeal
in hi* cause would have amounted to noth-
ing in their sight, and he, like another Roger
Williams, would have been expelled fiom
their midst but for two reasons. The
first of these, was that he differed only in a
few vital points fiom their own Westmin-
ster Confession, and tie second was that
good William III. had secured from the
British Parliament the enactment of the fa-
mous statute for toleration in all parts of
the empire then under its control.

The New England Baptists had undergone
unspeakable pains, penalties, robbery and
humiliation at the hands of these witch-
burning, slave-trading, hard headed succes-
sors of Cromweli and Pym. Their system of
government was virtually a theocracy
wherein the preachers and ruling elders were
the lords of the laud. They were as om-
nipotent in the General C >urt of Massachu-
setts Bay as in the church conferences where
they sat as moderators. The age, infirmi-
ties, piety and eloquence of Rev. Obadiah
Holmes weighed nothing in their view T when
they learned that upon the lequest of a sick
friend and bi other in the Lord, this Rhode
Island Baptist divine had presumed to come
by request into their midst, and had actu-
ally prayed, preached and otherwise wor-
shipped God in the house of his host. For
no other infraction of law human or divine,
Mr. Holmes was seized, along with him
whose hospitality he was sharing, and both
were condemned to undergo the extreme
penalties of horrid Puritan statutes. The
venerable and beloved shepherd of the Rhode
Island Baptists was beaten at the public
whipping- post until his back was a mass of

■75

f broad
ivity is
', under
le ; nor

at 476°
metals,

covered
nore vi-
/essels ;
tide ex-
old bod-
eat, into
th, with
-parts, of

id is dis-
mainder

To one

ie of bis-
illizablc.
stance is
It con-
ric acid,
changed
pg sub-
then de-
ed, and
improp-

ipathetic
that does

blood and bruises. Tnougn smiling and re^
joicing under the cruel infliction that he was
counted worthy to suffer like his persecuted
not act or L rd, the good man was unable to lie upon
this solution oecuinc vioiuiv, vti.v» v» r — v- . — *- :i
Irs back and lay for weeks hovering between
life and death in consequence of his in-
juries.

When Mr. Stearns became a Baptist, the
day of such bitter intolerance seemed a
thing of the past. Even Rev. Cotton Mather

drogen.
VII. B

als, and I
bility. O

sists of eij was heard speaking words of christian sym-
thrown in P a tby and affection toward his brethren of
. . f ! the Baptist church in Boston. The long arm
It is ironv of trje British Parliament had compelled the
ter's into t; General Court to stop in its violence, but
deed is 'it! a ? es ^ et were to elapse before these men of

Bismut
tility ;
This effe(
bismuth

Massachusetts got the consent of their minds
to conform to the great American rule of
freedom and equality aijiions men in their
worship of God. It was full fifty years after
Thomas Jefferson had secured such a bles-
sing for Virginia and the Republic, before
Massachusetts could be induced to accept in
its entirety, this most sacred and inaliena
ble human privilege. John Adams told the
men woo sided with his great Virginia rival,
that his people were prepared to suffer
through war and pestilence before surren-
I. Ant dering their claim of power over the public

natural c< consciences. He did all he could to prevent
the insertion' of this the noblest feature in
the Federar- Constitution, ana its adoption

native su| was secured in the face of his opposition,

ulous tart displeasure and protest.

It can, then, well be imagined that life

of nitrate'

VP. xvin.

tten with,
retted hy-

lf the met-
kable fusi-
I. It con-
in. When
ing point,
smuth en^
which, in-

of its duc-
jroportion.
usion near

amid a people animate I by such a spirit was

mixture i embittered to such men as gentle Shubal
and the d Stearns. He and his young wife were full
of happiness in their new-found faith and a
little fat. great desire and prompting were thrilling in
be found their hearts touching their duty toward God
h nai" anc * tnerr feliowmen. Mr. Stearns soon
sep c yi e 2(j e{ j to bi s sense f duty and began exer-
may be f cising his gifts as a preacher of righteous-
sulphur \ nes s- He was born in the year 1706. His
.J father bore the same name with himself, and
il. Ar| jjjg mother had been a Miss Rebtcca Larri-
of antim\ ford before her marriage. He was just
olated oi* thii'ty-nine years old when he joined the
' j New Light congregation which had origi-

III. Ij nated under Whitfield's preaching. For six
ing, in tlj years he continued a member of this organi-
i_-j _._J zatioti. But in his study of the Bible he was
forced to the conclusion that nothing therein
could be found to justify infant baptism or
any other substitute for immersion. He
then could no longer abide where Mr. Whit-
air, it ci geld ^d j e ft him, but in 1751 was immersed
into membership of a Baptist church in New

ized, an
IV. I !
at its on

liops, is a

•portion of

c state, the

jht of acid-

d one third

tion. The

t crucible ;

sed with a

ravity, will

lich it may

i sulphuret

lings. The

jn.

{ed regulua
e, and of a

s, on cool-
be volatil-

atmosphere
;ie access of
f the metal.

SECT. XVIT. England, then under the pastoral charge of
I the Rev. Wait Palmer. This congregation
I was located at a place called Ta$and in Con-
. necticut. During the same year Mr. Stearns
was ordained to the fuii work of the gospel
ministry by a piesbytfflfl consisting of \&c
\ pastor, Mr. Palmer, and Rev. Joshua Morse.
j Three years after this important event in
his life, Mr. Stearns devoted to active evan-
gelism among the people of New England.
In this work he found many things to harass
and discourage him. The same Phariseeism
be purchased that had opposed and denounced the labors
three times i °^ J° uatrian Edwards and George Whitfield,
rose up to confront him. As they had shut
moderate pn their doors and forbidden the uses of their

I. Cobalt

houses of worship to the older evangelists,
so fared it with gentle Shubal Steams.
These servants..of the Lord, like himself,
ated with or) were forced to use the hills and fields as
powdered cri places for meeting the multitudes that flock-
ed in thousands to hear the new version of
that ancient gospel of peace and love to all
mankind. But the missionary spirit began

To obtain
mends, that t

is to be mix<
reduced. T

its weight of earlv t0 prompt Shubal Stearns to go into

flarlv fielris He anrl Viic J-ir^thcT- in-law

and acidifies

early fields. He and his brother in-law,
Rev. David Marshall, concluded that it was
Wash offtht their duty to go to the South or West, and

acid. This

of iron. E\

the solution

ide of cobalt

before direc

amid the new settlements proclaim the glad
tidings in their possession. Thus it was in
1754 Mr. Stearns bade adieu tennis New Eng-
land home a«d friends and .started on the
mission which was so abundantly to bless
our people of North Carolina.

cli may
re with

d, at a

Irecom-

deton-

hth of

e mass

cobalt

t thrice

imum;

potash.

n nitric

oxide

filter

"he ox-

Elux, as

II. Cobalt has a greyish white colour, inclining somewhat to
pink. Its specific gravity is 7.7 ; it is brittle and easily reduced
to powder; is not fusible with a less heat than 130° of Wedg-
wood ; and, when slowly cooled, may be obtained crystallized in
irregular prisms.

By exposure to the atmosphere cobalt is tarnished, but not oxi-
dized to any extent. In an intense heat it burns with a red flame ;
but, if pure, it is not easily oxidized by a moderate temperature.
Its oxide is of a deep blue, approaching to black. This, from the
experiments of Thenard, appears to be the first oxide. It may he
obtained, also, by precipitating the nitrate of cobalt with potash.
The precipitate is at first blue, but when dry becomes black. It
dissolves readily in muriatic acid, giving a solution which is green
when concentrated, and red when diluted. Its solutions in sul-
phuric and nitric acids are always red.

When this oxide is exposed to the atmosphere, it gradually ab-
sorbs an additional dose of oxygen ; and becomes olive green.

Treate

red soi

air, it

black.

ide diss

pious c

lioweve

gen enc

also, of

-Ijpixture

Acco;

ide conr

And 1

Theb
a crucib]
of protoj

III. C
puted to
it is owir

IV. f
ic acids ;
sympathe
may be d
of nitric a
and dilute
solution ;
plied, the
periment

* Philos

f For so

suit Mr. I

tfophical Ti

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir III — Kev. Shubal Stearns.

CHAPTER TWO.

Before continuing the narrative of Shubal
Stearns' adventures and labors in the South,
it is proper to say a few things concerning
the condition" of affairs in that portion of
North Carolina which became the scene of
his subsequent efforts in this life. During
the administration of Gabriel Johnston as
Governor of the Province, a prodigious in
flux of immigration began p> to pour into the
Piedmont region. Two great tides flowing
steadily southward from Pennsylvania, and
northward from the wharves of Charleston,
brought in each year thousands of men and
women seeking new homes in the wilder
ness. TUey were composed of many differ
ent creeds and nationalities. The stern and
fearless Scutch- liish, the French Huguenots,
the German Lutherans, the gentle Morayi
ans, and lower down the country, the Scotch
highlanders came in troops to possess the
land. A few settlers came from England
and Virginia to the same region, but they
were like -^Eueas' ship afcer the storm —
Rati nantes in vasto gurgite.

Amid a people thus constituted there was
of course a variety of creeds and social cus-
toms. Little communities had each for it
self its church and traditional festivals. The
prevailing sect among them all was that of
the Presbyterians. The peculiar tenets of
Calvin and Knox were thus become potent
in the American forest. Among these peo-
ple it was a rule to bring along with each
company of immigrants their pastor and
ruling elders, and among the first houses
built in such a settlement was one for wor
ship and then one for the education of their
children. The harsh and bloody treatment
these people had undergone at the haudi> of
the Stuart Kings of England had made their
system of religion a thing for which they
were educated to believe it was their duty
to die whenever its defence required such a
sacrifice. With all its apparent austerity
and gloom as viewed by other people, it was
still to them what the Temple of Jerusalem
and its magnificent ceremonies had been to
the Jews of old. They loved it better than
life, and were ready for martyrdom a; any
season rather than renounce fealty to its
support.

2 MAP. XVIIU

igas, and a

I in the open
lly becomes
The perox-
i with a co*
is insoluble,
id with oxy-
s incapable,
!g vitrifiable

f the flrotox-

6 bottom of
o the state

nerally fm-
spects that
r».

tro-muriat-
of forming
> of zaffre,

four parts
e of soda ;
n with this
heat is ap-

This ex-
trunk and

jmena, con-
d. (Phito-

SECT.

the leaves

I It was thus in the year 1754 that Revs.
Shubal Stearns, Daniel Marshall and their
families found the region peopled that they
branches ^ a( j selected for their homes. They had .
with a so halted for a brief season in northern Vir- ' tue P a P er ls
Ti d &i ma i but ^ or ieasons best known to them- iful foliage*
' selves, th^y were persuaded that larger use- .r^alis from
V. O! fulness was promised them further south, r
the nitrj: Under the influence of their preachiog, a d afterwards
. .. 1 church was at once formed on Sandy Creek, urown into a
ot a Ilia Multitudes flocked to hear this new gospel of , A blue
flask ful love and freedom they were proclaiming, e
precipit * n< * very soon six hundred names were en- ately closed,
i rolled as members of the new church. They e hvdrate or
P asses V had come iuto North Carol na in a
Jiydro-od company which numbered all told but six-
ate of TJ teen sou ' s ' 0l *t i Q a marvellously brief season
this small nucleus of hope and faith had ex-
liquid. panded into so many, other congregations,
heat, an that in 1755 the new churches they had
formed united in forming the Sandy Creek
Association.

Shubal Stearns and Daniel Marshall must
have been, both of them, preachers of unu-
sual powers to have accomplished such won-
derful thing*. We must remember that the
scene of their labors was by no means desti-
tute of all precious religious privileges. Not
,«nlyhadttie Established Church sent rec-
ception i ^jfg t0 t jj e same region, but numerous Pres-
Cobal byterian and Lutheran ministers were estab-
t>repare< hshcd within reach of these same settlements
. . I» the case of Mr. Stearns we have sucb
mixing i abundant testimony of his unusual gifts
Zaffre, ] both in mental and spiritual development,
tfeat we are not astonished that the careless
Multitudes he found in his new home were
Stirred to the depths of their souls. The tes
tia&ony of Rev. Dr. Robert B. Semple of Vir-
ginia, who wrote his valuable history of the
Baptists of his State in A. D. 1810 is enough . /

#f itself to enable us to understand why such /

IVl any '•■"">•' ■

remarkable success waited on his efforts. J

He was described as a small handsome man oiacK suo-
with great impressiveness in his words and manganese,
manner. But the secret of Mr. Stearns' re ■ . ; .
markable sway over all audiences lay in the , _ ; ' '
use of his voice and eyes. The one was full ig it into a
of melody and soul-reaching power, while a rcoal, one
the other almost realized the reputed charm {
possessed by some of the animals over their inc » UCC P
feathered victims. " His enemies,'" says Dr. t h powder-
« Semple, " would sometimes be captivated by e exe ^
eel cnarci, hig musical voice Many strange things are
for one h related of the enchanting sound of his voice,

II. Tl and the glance of his eyes had a meaning in [ t ant j shin-

washed,
stance ft

j y e hydrate or

little . , . ,,
coid carbon-

luble in this

of water by

ibalt, a rose-

ur and phos-
esting prop-

with the ex-
is generally
;dients ; and
Icined flints,
ground and
ouring sub-

I. Ma

stance,
with a 1
mixing t
ball, and
tenth of i
at the bo

• • everv move.

rng in its' nuv^iv aib opctiiic gravity is au«ui u.«^

It is verv

brittle, ar
Wedgwo
in conseq
iron. "W
brown po
cession gi

When
sive sbacL
Grange, i
piz. the vi

The iv i
(effected j
sists of 80
the air, it

The rcc
ganese. ]

The bla*
which is e
purposes <
60 parts o

III. Tl
trous. T
■water onl
He.

IV. TH
. distilled a

distilled w

V. The
ccid ; but,
lion of the
(sec chap,
throw dow
air, becouv

VI. Th<
nitric acid
oxide, a li
aoived.

vn. ti

when melt

the blow-p

Morgan Edwards says : "He was a mar-
velous preacher for moving the emotions
and melting his audiences to tears. The
most exciting stories are told about the
piercing glance of his eyes and melting tones
of his voice, while his appearance was that
of a patriarch."

This last author quoted was, like Dr. Sem
pie, a Baptist author and divine, who was
>f great distinction himself for his abilities
both as an author and a minister of the gos
pel. We may therefore safely rest in the
assurance that bis picture of the pioneer
preacher was in no wise overdrawn. Being
his cotemporary and personal acquaintance,
we can safe!) conclude that the extraordi-
nary imputations of power in the pulpit
were in no respect overdrawn.

Another witness as to these great and un
usual gifts in the keeping of Mr. Stearns,
was the Rev. Tidence Lane. This man, who
was to b-eome so honored and useful as a
Baptist preacher, was a bitter foe of our pe
culiar articles of faith and practice at the
time of his first meeting withShubal Stearns.
" Upon my arrival," says Mr. Lane, "I saw
-i venerable old man sitting under d peach
tree, with a book in his hand, and the peo-
ple gathering about him. He fixed his eyes
upon me immediately, which undo me feel
in sucq a manner as I had never felt before
I turned to quit the place, but could not pro
ceed far. I walked about sometimes catch
ing his eyes as I walked. My uneasiness in
creased and became intolerable. I went up
to him, thinking that a salutation and shak-
ing of hands would relieve me ; but it hap-
pened o'.herwise. I began to- think that he
had an evil eye and ought to be shunned ;
but shunning him I could no more effect than
a bird can shun a r-ittlesnake, when it fixes
its eyes upon it. When he began to preach,
Rjy perturbations increased, oo that nature
could no longer support them, and I sank to
the ground."

To cold and sceptical minds this may
sound not only incredible but the raving of
one who was of unsound mind. The grace
of God has ever thus appeared to the aver-
age Greek, foolishness, just as it was a stum-
bling block to the Jews. But if we can trust
truth of history at all, things just as-marvel-
ous are related on the highest and best au-
thority of the effects waiting on the sermons
of Whitfield. Dr. Armitage, in his Baptist
history, has preserved the following instance
of the great preacher's influence over his
hearers :

ap. xvnr.

t of 160*
; but only-
quantity of
a blackish
mes in sue-

rh succes-
our. (La
ict oxides,

c solution
h. It con-
(xposure to

ie of man-
substance,
d for other
uircroy, of

1 in the ni-
ddition of
white ox-
gen when
idantly, if

I muriatic
\ one por-
ted state
Alkalis
lire to the

issolve in
t with the
de is dis-

b of soda,
fected by
pr flame,

SECT. XXI'

COLUMB

longing to
brought fr
fusion with
was decom
alkali with
diluted niti
This aci(
there can t
ble in nitri<
With the su
both soluti
coloured p
dro-sulphi

This mi
ish chemis
tantalite, b
curs comb
earth call
these ores I
fixed alkal
solution, be
der, which
teristic pre

1. It is i
is taken, a

2. Fixe
which ma

3. The
colour, by
specific g

4. It ir
impart to

5. Thd
glutinate
ture of a
oxide.

"It is stated on good authority that the
parsonage at Center Groton was the scene
of one of the most remarkable sermons of
of this great preacher. The upper windows
of the hou^ were removed and a platform
raised in front, facing a large yard full of
trees. When Whitfield passed through the
window to the stand, he cast his eye over the
multitude and saw a number of y.->ung men
who, imitating Zaccheus in the sycamore
tree, had clirnl.ed these trees and were perch-
ed on the limbs. The kindly orator asked
them to come down, sajing : 'Sometimes
the power of God falls on these occasions
and takes away the might of strong men. I
wish to benefit your souls and not have your
bodies fall out these trees.' He expected
to see them come down to the ground as
birds that were shot, and choosing the valor
of discretion, they came down only to be
prostrated under the sermon. Great num-
bers went home to lead new lives, and it is
said that more than one of those young men
became preachers of the new faith."

As greatly as Mr. Stearns was favored of
God in the conversion of his new neighbors
and compatriots, he was still subjected to
much difficulty and embarrassment. In the
work of setting up new churches and in or-
daining new ministers of the gospel, he was
powerless to form a presbytery for the want
of some other ordained preacher. Mr. Mar-
shall was only a licentiate and so was Jo-
seph Breed. All other Baptist preachers in
reach were members of the Regular branch
of the denomination, and in their disfavor
toward the New Light doctrines, refused to
bear any part in the ceremony. But it so
happened that the Rev. Henry L^d better,
who was also a brother-in-law of Mr. Stearns,
fortunately about that time came South, and
by joining him in the work relieved him of
all the trouble occasioned by the want of
help from others

Thus like another apostle of the true faith
came Shubal Stearns to seek and to save
that which was lost amid the forests of
North Carolina. Far from home and kin-
dred, he had come to impart to others the
same great blessings that God in his good-
ness had provided for his faithful servant.
Amid the Baptist churches, planted under
his own ministry, he spent the short rem-
nant of his days on earth. In the closing
scenes of his long pilgrimage, he was sid-
dened in the stress of war and ^calamity.
Gov. Tryon and his evil subordinates were
making life bitter to thousands who found it
impossible to sustain their families and com-
ply with the enormous exactions of the ex-
tortionate sheriff! and other civil authorities.

heral be-
>ed to be

alternate
mineral
, and the
'dition of
diment.
opertieS,
i insolu-
Liies both
ilis : and
an olive-
and hy-

^nt Swed-

ind Yttro-

jne it oc-

with the

) From

h caustic

! alkaline

jhite pow-

je charac-

keberg :

e mineral

j quantity,

cquire any
of air. Its

ut does not

Its and ag-
ining frac-
nto a white

Thou
with that
duced,
solves in
commun
ide of tits
tinging b
Consicl
whether
tantalium
tablished
procured
tantalium
of oxide (
from a sn
The el
bium, clj
■white oxi
possible ii
solutcly ii
whicheve
priate so
from carl
precipita
acid. T
Avhen fre
Infusior
ash, occa
of these <
added to
throws dc
colour,
doubt of ;
covery of
berg, it w
this pecu

I. Cer

Hisentrer

These agents of the Devil were not content
with impoverishing the poor people by ex-
acting unlawful fees and assessments, for in
the fullness of their malicious wrong doing,
the wives and daughters of the people were
too often subjected to insult and humiliation
at their hands. The gentle spirit of good
Shubal Stearns, almost ready to take its
flight for another and better world, was
grieved and depressed by these wrongs on
his people that he was powerless to redress.
But brave men in North Carolina have never
been found submitting to such treatment
without a proper show of .their disapproba-
tion and resentment. It was thus that Mr.
Stearns' brethren and neighbors were found
the first of all the Province to meet in sol-
emn conclave, and, after mature delibera-
tion, declare to the world their resolutions
in view of such oppression. This occurred
on March 27th, 1767, fui: three years before
the last tragic scene in the dreadful drama
of blood and confusion which was witnessed
in the battle of Alamance. These were really
the first guns fire'i in that great American
uprising for freedom and national indepen-
dence.

The soul of the venerable father in Israel
had its compensntions for all such troubles
as were born of this War of the Regulation.
He saw the faith he had fiist inculcated in
North Carolina widening and deep niag
around him with the lap.-eof each revolving
year. Then. toi», that famous Baptist
preacher of New York, the Rev. John Gano.
came down South and for a season also m de
his home in North Carolina. The old man
eloquent heard this wondrous young preach-
er as he rose to still sublimer heights than
it had been permitted Shubal Stearns to
reach. That magic eloqu-nce, which was
in after years to so often charm Gen. Wash
ington and his armies, wag then cheering him
and . ; jthe Sandy Creek people. The genius
and faith of the younger man was a rare
blessing to the tender and faltering spirit of
the spent veteran, who in the chill and weak-
ness of old age was at times subject to spells
of mental and spiritual depression. Because
of his enfeebled body, the sensitive spirit of
Mr. Stearns was troubled that he no longer
felt all the thrill and rapture of former
years. He had never a doubt of the good-
ness and favor of God, bit at times grew
depressed at a sense of his own unworthi-
uess. But this was only a temporary trial
of his faith. As the m*'ht of death drew
nigh, all the oldev jf*4$p$' «nd confidence
were his again ; and thus 1 , when the 20th of
November, 1771, was come, Shubal Stearns

AE. XVIII.

ly soluble
easily re-
ngsten dis-
acids, and
The ox-
ids, and in
jrn.

1 chemists,
ibium and
:iently es-
}. Having
rom which
with those
i obtained

ds colum-
so, yield a
s nearly as
igh not ab-
s, is (from
Its appro-
>lutelyfree
ed, may be

excess of
g soluble,
fids.

ret of pot-
t of either
d has been
galls only
an orange

room to
as the dis-
t of Eke-
;o express

zelius and
|i Sweden,.

SECT. X

which ha

had passed beyond the reach of all trials anu
temptations of this life, and was with the
gracious Master he had so long served.

<*y haS J After life's iiful "ST " * hl8 ^

er he sleeps well.
Treason has done his wortt ; nor steel, nor poison
Malice doniest c, foreign levy, nothing,
Can touch him further."

He had done a great work in his stay with
our people, and in a comparatively brief
interval had wrought such blessings for those
among whom he cast his lot, that his is now ■
"one of the few immortal names that were ; 1S cuss0lv
not born to die." . pulverized.

lis discov-
stimony of
neral, con-
iwn metal,
iod, it has
t is termed

Vauquel
curs in
From thj
been ca!
Cerite.

II. T<
ed in nit

The soliinun is imt-icu, i.~^~.~Lca wuTi jjui& potasri, and then
precipitated by tartrite of potash. This precipitate, well washed,
and afterwards calcined, is the oxide of cerium.

III. Cerium appears to be susceptible of two stages of oxidize-
ment ; the first oxide being- white, and the second of a fallow red.
The white oxide, by calcination, becomes red.

IV. Sulphuric acid, diluted with four times its weight of water,
dissolves the red oxide. The solution, on being evaporated, yields
crystals, some of which are orange, and others have a lemon-yel-
low colour. The sulphate is soluble only by an excess of acid.
Its taste is saccharine mixed with acid.

V. Sulphuric acid readily unites with the white oxide ; the so-
lution is nearly colourless, but has a slight rosy tinge. It has a
saccharine taste, unmixed with acidity, and yields white crystals.

VI. Nitric acid unites most easily with the white oxide. The
solution is very sweet, and is not crystallizable. When decom-
posed by heat, it leaves a brick-coloured oxide.

VII. Muriatic acid dissolves the red oxide ; and the solution
crystallizes confusedly. The salt is deliquescent; soluble in an
equal weight of water ; and in three or four parts of alcohol.
When this solution is concentrated, it burns with a yellow spark-
ling flame.

An infusion of galls produces, in muriate of cerium, a yellowish
precipitate not very abundant. A few drops of ammonia throw
down a very voluminous one of a brown colour, which becomes
black and brilliant, by desiccation. By the action of heat, it as-
sumes a brick-red colour.

VIII. Oxide of cerium unites readily with carbonic acid. This
union is best effected, by precipitating a solution of the. oxide with
carbonate of potash. An effervescence ensues ; and a white and
light precipitate, is formed, which assumes, on drying, a silvery
appearance.

IX. Sulphuretted hydrogen docs not unite with cerium.

X. ".

prodUc

head. '

but it v

solutioi

dent m;

potash ;

ale, alsi

in its fr;

XL I

volatiliz

cd by fu

VEG 1

from eac

stances c

and carb

portion o

proportic

ihe great

c table ki

heat alon

proceed f

mation of

'.hat we si

perations.

.iple is cc

and differi

affinity.

The pic
tory, may
of vegetab
exist in th<
chemical t
to the ultii
compound
which resi

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir IV — Kev. Daniel Marshall

CHAPTER ONE.

Perhaps no people have yet lived in this
world with so broad and cosmopolitan a
spirit as has been exemplified in North Car-
olina. From the earliest times in her his-
tory as a civilized community, not only
kindness and the most abounding hospital-
ity have been shown to strangers ; but to
every new-comer, whatever his nationality,
an equal share of honor and trust has been
extended, whenever such a man was wor-
thy and fit for such marks of distinction.
So far from our people manifesting anything
of a spirit of jealousy toward our citizens of
alien birth, it has really seemed that such
an accident of nativity has worked in their
favor, and in a thousand instances has given
them the preference in popular favor over
those trho were so unfortunate as to be to
"the manor born." Whatever may be said
of the wisdom and propriety of such a trait,
it at least proves the large-hearted and un-
selfish disposition of our people. With such
a spirit and characteristic as aciviliztd com
inunity, it would be unpardonable if the life
and labors of the Rev. Daniel Marshall were
omitted from a catalogue of our pioneer
Baptist preachers.

Like Shubal Stearns, Daniel Marshall was
born in the year of our Lord 1706. This
event occurred in the town of Windsor of
the then Province of Connecticut. He was
reared by a Presbyterian father and mother,
and upon reaching years of maturity was
admitted to all the rights and privileges of
the church to which his parents belonged.
This was a matter of course in Presbyterian
practice, and was only remitted in such
cases where the young men and women who
had been christened in unconscious infancy
destroyed all hope and imputation of virtue
therein by outbreaking and abandoned
courses of life. As this young Daniel Mar-
shall not only conformed to the usual stand-
ard of morality, but was also a believer
in the articles of faith set forth in the West-
minister Confession, he was not only made
a member in full standing, but also in due
season was appointed a deacon of his church.
He had also married a wife in the mean-
while, and saw children blooming like flow-
ers in the household blessed by his thrifty
and prosperous oversight.

CHAP. XIX.

Ie of cerium
than a pin's
simple acids ;
acid. The
lso gave evi-
h tartrite of
eta Hie glob-
i more scaly

unless it is
>c ascertain-

stinguished
ral circum-
, hydrogen,
:ertain pro-
ons in the
> constitute
of the veg-
position by
I kingdom*
actual for-
e, indeed,
) these op-
ting prin-
iperior to,
chemical

mical his-
principles
, that they
lev which
: proceed
tve obtain
:ure, and
>mposing

SECT. IV.

To the sam

ysis and histoi
following is ai
Oxalate I
ed by dihedral
Fahrenheit, it
There is, also
a considerabl
the name of &

ALATE OF P

acid, which ii
pose 100 part
vert it into os
late.

QUADROX^

digesting the)
H is divided
acid ; and th
acid. Henc^
exists in the 1
oxalate ; or ]

Oxalate
resembling ,
powder, and
is said to for

Oxalate'
It crystallizt
nated by di
At the temp
grains of the
if precipitate
ers it even
important i

• OXALAT

formed, eith
mingling th<
soluble oxal|

VOL. II.

Until Daniel Marshall reached the turn-
ing of life in his thirty- ninth year, and thus
saw his sun of existence reach its prime and
begin the slow years of decline and deciy,
he lived on as he saw his friends and breth-
ren did, in their cold and formal compli-
ance with set rules of morality. In Connec-
ticut this Presbyterian system had been
made the religion of the Province with all
the rights and authority of other established
churches. All other forms of christian faith
faith were only tolerated, as it was called in
that day, because the great folks in Lon-
don had of late changed their policy of
persecution, and had furthermore sent word
to every provincial governor in America
that a like policy must mark their course
toward dissenters. Up to the happening of
this thrice-blessed change, the lives of all
New England Baptists, outside of Rhode Is-
land, had been full of peril and hardships.
They were not only liable to pains and pen-
alties as the result of their want of con-
formity, but too often their land other prop-
erty were taken from them to help in the
construction of church buildings to be used
by their neighbors who had thus robbed
and punished them.

As State systems of christian faith had
resulted in Great Britain and the continent
of Europe, so did they in New England.
The pristine fervor and devotion gradually
diminished until, in the lapse of time, the
machine morality, thus inculcated, ripened
into such doubt and unbelief that the men
and women, whose greatest means of wealth
arese from slave- trading and rum- selling,
became virtual infidels. They called them-
selves Unitarians, and thereby denied the
divinity of our Saviour. In the grip of a
creed thus grown stale and outworn, Daniel

Marshall was ere long to see how hostile his
church brethren would prove themselves to
anything like the true preaching and prac-
tice of the gospel of peace. It was first
seen in their rejection and scorn of Jona-
than Edwards' pleas for the necessity of the
new birth. When this great philosopher
and theologian recalled the language of our
Lord in his night talk with Nicodemus, and
insisted that the Son of God was in earnest
about what he told the Jewish ruler, the
New England Pharisees were as deaf and
blind as those of old, and, like their proto-
types, they made life unhappy to all those
who thus conformed to our Lord's teach-
ings concerning this deep and awful mystery
in the gospel plan of salvation.

But while church establishments and un-
hallowed channels of commercial traffic had

105

j anal-

ch the

minat-
At60°
lution.
t with
ce, by

SR-OX-

The
e sup-
to con-
:r-oxa-

ton, by
e alka-
aineral
oxalic
id that
super-

nearly

Falls to

Soda

oxalates,
d termi-
deasant.

only 45
ent ; for

discov—
> a most

i may be
|, or by
ly of the
•atnre of

106

about

and c|

WJ
conta;
and rr
or ox:
cess o

Ox
powd<
an ex{

Ox
sidere
sensib
ed wii

Act
the to]

An(
follow

The
their st
alate o

thus reacted so disastrously on the general
spiritual life in New England, there were
many noble exceptions to this general rule.
There were still men and women left there
who had never bowed the knee -to Baal.
The race of men who had made that stern
and inhospitable clime not only, to blossom
as a rose, but it was also become largely the
paladium and shrine for the largest and best
hopes of the human race. Amid their frozen
hills and storm-smitten coasts, men were
nurturing a spirit of liberty and gord will,
which was in later years to prove a blessing
to their descendants and mankind at large.
Whatever their theological errors, they were
yet true to the best interests of our race in
their temporal concerns. Neither the migbt
of banded kings, nor the fury of their Indian
allies, could palsy that high New England
spirit which sent so many of her sons to
battle for the defence of free America.

Mr. Daniel Marshall was living, as he sup-
posed, in the peace of God and in the enjoy-
ment of the favor and confidence of such a
people, when,. in his thirty-ninth year, there
came a moral earthquake and consequent
upheaval of the spiritual dry bones. That
mighty and glorious servant of the Most
High, Rev. George Whitfield, like another
Jonah amid the Ninevites, had come to show
the careless New England multitudes how
far they had come short in their duty to
God. It was all in vain that the church au-
thorities opposed and denounced this terri-
ble exposer of their weakness and decay.
Though they shut their church doors upon
him, yet the broad fair fields and forests
could still be used as standing ground for
the vast multitudes that flocked to hear this
matchless christian orator tell of what they
had forgotten and- overlooked in their care-
less reading of the New Testament. The
burden of his discourse was ever the neces-
sity of faith, repentance and a changed
heart in those who would flee the wrath of
God. Like John the Baptist, exposing the
emptiness of Jewish hopes, so did Whitfield
uproot and confound the souls that had been
so long reposing on beds of mere formality.
The necessity of the new birth, its mysteri-
ous dependence on the workings of the Holy
Spirit, and the souFs sense of acceptance
through the merits of our Lord's atonement,
were almost like the preaching of a new gos-
pel to the callous formalists. It was hateful
and terrifying to their souls, just as the
gracious discourses of the Redeemer had
been to their ancient prototypes. As the
Pharisees had resented the offers of our Sa-

CHAP. XIX,

3 composition ;

lumps, which
bluble in nitric
te of ammonia
jtralize any ex-

jwhite tasteless
s are said, with

bearing a con-

teless, and not
monia is mix-
acid saturate

shown by the

isist of

SECT. V.

that, when slov
so small, that it

iAfoi

Native veg<

in plants or thei

pie processes, f

pal ones hithert

Citric acid «s
along with a q\\
process, for obtfj
ity of Scheele. I
vessel of eartheiJ
powdered carbo:
ture well after e
as long as this a
be required. T
account of the \
from six to eigh
gallon of lime-ji
the liquor has lei
cant the liquid, J
side ; the liquoi
operations repd
The insoluble p
add to it a quant
about three fou;
ployed, and prei
phuric acid maj
pended by stirri 1
acid and precipi

viour's terms, and refused him the privi-
leges of ^their sanctuaries, so did they of
New England shut up their hearts and
church doors against this new apostle of
righteousness.

Daniel Marshall had been in all the years
of his professed christian life no better or
worse than the multitude of his professing
brethren. Like them he had been baptized
in unconscious infancy, and as a matter of
course, upon arriving at the years of discre-
tion, he had been inducted into full fellow-
ship in the church of*his family and friends.
Not only this, he had been so orderly in his
walk and active in his church duties, he was
made a deacon of the congregation. With
all these testimonials from his friends and
brethren touching his walk as a christian,
he was yet made conscious of his exceeding
needs when the true significance of our
Lord's words to Nicodemus were at last im-
pressed upon his soul. In an agony of grief
and repentance over his blindness and dis-
regard of the Master's teaching, he cast all
bis old professions behind him as so many
filthy rags, and, through a newfound faith,
reached "the peace of God which passeth
all human understanding."

In the tremendous upheaval and renewal
of christian life thus brought about under
the evangel of Mr. Whitfield, Mr. Marshall,
like a great host of other men, turned from
all secular occupations, and began that life
of devotion to the Master which was to em-
brace the whole remnant of his stay in this
world. In his new-born zeal he at once be-
gan the preaching of that gospel which had
been so long in reaching and filling his own
soul. Nor was he content to thus discharge
a sense of duty in proclaiming Christ to his
civilized countrymen. In his burning zeal,
the souls of the perishing heathen lay heavy
upon his heart, and we find him proceeding
to the headwaters of Susquehannah river as
a missionary to the Indians. The war be-
tween the tribes and white people arrested
him in these labors, and he went South to
continue the work thus made impossible at
the North. It was thus the Rev. Shubal
Stearns found him in 1753 laboring among
the settlers of Northern Virginia, around
a place known as Opequon. There were
many things in common between the two
evangelists to bind them into unusual affec-
tion and brotherhood. They were the avaunl
couriers of that great New Light Baptist

ior

er is

ned,
sim-
inci-

non,
The
;nu-
in a

nely
nix-
and
will
), on
eral,
rine-
i and
, de-
sub-
hese
less,
me ;
alto
era-
sul-
sus-
t the
time

* By acidula are to be understood salts with an excess of acid, such as
•upcr-;pxalate of potashj 8cc,

K /

11^

ert.
vcn
lior
sup
the;

1
rief
tior
whi
par
boi
cid

]
the
pre
eor
the
drs
sue
ma
hoi

eor

has
qua
des
thai

app

the

ing

a sa

the

tate

ash,

the

pyre

nath

of ai

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina,

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir IV — Rev. Daniel Marshall.

CHAPTER TWO.

When the Rev. Daniel Marshall came to
the conclusion that it was his duty to bear
the glad tidings he had so recently accepted
in all their fulness to the Mohawk Indians,
he was living on his Connecticut farm. This
plantation was so well stocked and so pro
ductive, that he and his family were in cir-
cumstances of great ease and comfort, so
far as mere worldly prosperity was con-
cerned. With a wife who returned all his
overflowing affection, and three children, it
would seem that a mighty conviction of
duty must have lain at ^he bottom of the
impulse that broke up all this beautiful
home life of ease and comfort, to undertake
the hard and perilous mission among the
savages. Nothing could more forcibly de-
monstrate the zeal and unselfishness of the
man Like*the Apostle Paul, he gave upal 1
things-in his devotion to what he felt called
to do in the Lord's service. He had not be-
come a Baptist in all his sentiments until he
reached the little Baptist church in Ope-
quon near Winchester in Virginia. This oc-
curred in his forty-eigh'h year, so we see
that he was almost an old man before he
becime fully identified with us as a.denom
i nation.

But though so late in reaching such con-
clusions, Mr. Marshall's subsequent course
in life was to largely atone for all delay in
the performance of so momentous a duty.
It was so provided that in one of his mis-
sions in the Old Dominion, that he was so
happy as to include Col. Samuel Harris
among the number of his converts. This
gentleman by his talents and social emi-
nence had exerted great influence in Vir-
ginia, and a mighty stir was made in Epis-
copal circles by the news of his conversion
and joining the Baptist church. Under the
Royal Governor he had been appointed com-
mander of one of the forts which were kept
garrisoned at that day as a defence against
the great northwestern tribes of Indians.
Col. Harris at once resigned this and all
other secular employments, and became a
renowned and effective agent in the spread
of Baptist principles. Perhaps not even the
Rev. John Leland did more to make the

chap, xns,

lime, and pre-
loyedfor aavura-
:h constitutes the
carried still far-
cid.

•ape of which va-
of their prepara-
>f sulphuric acid,
ution five or six
more soluble in
ther vegetable a-

ith nitric acid, in-
ut being able to
by using a very
the tartaric into
ler obtained four
rumb, also, was
the tartaric acid
water and alco-

taric acid is de-
cid liquor, which
1; and a large
he results of its
have inferreei

d Vauquelin, it
species. From
adorous : in be-
J s with potash,
inguished from
e from the ace-
ning, with pot-
-Influenced by
b submitted the
rigid exami-
:y both consist
. empyreumatie

* yECT. XIII.

stance to be di
and afterwards
ing principle th
times consider^
printing, the ba
to the cloth by-
then dried, and
gredient, whic
basis has been a
moved by simpl
V. The varii
reducible to fou
1. Indigo is j
does without tlj
' chiefly, of sever?
of America and
L )eing cut a little
y vith water in lat
a ng this process,
& t;reen, but beco:
Pperations, by w
Complicated, an
a iteness. A gq
1 n's Chemical I
ft ' Indigo has bee
»" om that princip
ing boiled on
eight of the in<
uouched ; and
.tract, has a red :
d in fixed and 1
e sulphuric acidj
lirectly, in a diluj
i Saxon blue. H
*o becomes solub,
to green. It rec
to the air, by agai
I fected by allowing
J ble matter ; or by
I phatc of iron. Si
f gen, are green wh
our by exposure tj

VOL. II.

State so great a center of Baptist influence.
Mr. Marshall, with such a coadjutor, became
mighty in the pulling down of strongholds.
Overall th^; broad region south of James
river, like Paul and Silas, these two evan-
gelists pressed on in their work until scarce
a man could be found who had not been
warned and invited to accept of the terms
of a salvation so sweeping and broadcast in
its terms and limits.

It was all in vain that the authorities and
adherents of the Established Church in Vir-
ginia sought to put a stop to such an evan-
gel by invoking the aid of the legal author-
ities. They filled the loathsome jails with
Baptist preachers on the false pretence that
these ministers of peace and righteousness
were disturbers of the public peace. Men
who were so meek and gentle that they re-
fused to resent the most wanton and inex-
cusable invasions on their personal rights,
were held up to public scorn as malefactors
for no other reaso-Hthan their efforts to seek
and to save perishing souls. It is one of the
world's ablest epics to tell of what moral
heroism these Baptist evangelists displayed
in their battle with the intrenched hosts of
the intolerant Churchmen. Even as late as
that time, when James Madison*had become
a leader in public affairs in one of his letters
we are told of how five blameless and elo-
quent men of God lay confined for tedious
weeks in his vicinity simply because they
had felt it their duty to preach the gospel of
Christ as they believed it in their hearts and
souls. It was all in vain that the statute of
1st William and Mary had proclaimed tolera-
tion to eV^ery part of the British Empire.
These promoters of both the law and the
gospel, on the false plea that the Baptist
preachers were disturbers of the public
peace, could find magistrates of their own

: ' ' L — "- ■*--•-.-■"■ i_i-.-_-.i__i i -.

faith who were wicked enough to thus vio-
late laws both human and divine.

But in these, as in almost all other, in-
stances of such oppression, the blood of the
martyrs became the seed of the church. In
spite of all the injustice and suffering un-
dergone, the evangelists bore bravely on
the Baptist banners until the persecuting
Churchmen had but a pitiful remnant of the
people left to do their bidding. The work
thus bravely executed was also to be further
blessed. It not only held the ground thus
gained under suffering and tears ; the great
mind of Thomas Jefferson and that of his
compeer Midison were to be not only en-
listed for the defence of the Baptist people,
but in due season to evolve from a study of
their practice and principles the grandest

129

atter
our-
>me-
Iico-
)lied
th is
r in-
i the
; re-
are
Ik.

:h it
tion,
itive
tfter
ped
lur-
Srst
The
her
mi-
Ai-

ers
by
the
ins

I. off;
|er,
to
ed
led
di-
ue
re
eft
:a-
il.

y-
>I-

130

again

maner

THc

ment i

our, a:

this, is

dissol

compd

the so!

tion td

tercd,

which

erysta

tonate

powdl

cid, ti

streai

flame

stroys

has b

lutior

plicaj

that !

appe;

cd, ai

tie in

tainei

tion c

2.
are ci
from
brazi!
the h
adjec
son, i
nece:
whic
hibhi
a fug

features of our civil polity as a republic.
Most emphatically in this way had the stone
which was rejected by the builders, become
the head of the corner."

When Mr. Marshall was dBdained to the
full gospel ministry by his brothers-in-law,
the Rev. Messrs. Stearns and Ledbetter, he
assumed the pastora^pf the church on Ab-
bott's Creek. While thus serving this flock
as a special duty, he was also abundant and
unceasing in his excursions to distant points
to thus bear abroad the glad tiding of peace
and love. This work had become as neces-
sary to his peace of mind as the air he
breathed- He could find no peace with the
knowledge that men and women within
reach were yet unblest with the knowledge
of the Lord. He met no such stern antag-
onisms in North Carolina as were vouch-
safed in Virginia and were to be encoun-
tered still later in his life in Georgia. Gov.
Tryon and his subordinates in the Provin-
cial Government were very harsh and un-
feeling too often in their treatment of our
people, but in religious matters he concerned
himself no further than to do all he could
toward saddling Episcopal rectors on com-
munities that rarely washed for such gifts.
In some.- of his letters he expressed great
scorn for all people who were so besotted as
to hold Baptist' sentiments, but he had seen
too nrich of the danger of his interfering
with popular liberty in the stamp act trou-
ble to venture on anything like religious
persecution. It may be that the imprison-
ment of the Newbern Baptists had the offi-
cious countenance of the Governor, but if
so, we now lack evidence of the fact. As a
rule, religious liberty was ever the undis-
puted right t)f all North Carolina people
without any regard to the nature of "their
creeds.

Thus abundaot in labors and highly bless-
ed in all that he undertook in the Lord's
service, Mr. Marshall spent. the term of his
residence in the Old North State. He saw
the feeble beginnings of his and Mr. Stearns'
libors expand into the great historic bodj
known as the Sandy Creek Baptist Ass >cia-
tion, and he heard many moving accounts
of how under Burkitt and the New Light
doctrines were prospering in the Albemarle
region.

Mr. Marshall had but one son by his first
wife, but being so unfortunate as to loseher,
he married again in 1748 Miss Martha, a sis-
ter of the Rev. Shubal Stearns. This re
markable woman proved a rare blessing to
her husband and all others who came within
the magic spell of her personal influence.

CHAP. XIX-

Fording a per-
il oxigenize- .
■ its blue col-
alling short of
ted nitric acid
indigo is de-
rs, floating in
ifter evapora-
hot water, fil-
rystals appear,
itash. These
. hammer, de-
two of finely
ting nitrous a-
as is evolved, a
lole bursts into

uriatic acid de-
sulphuric acid
i of watery so-
ulate their ap-

sly reduced t»
reen colour re-

fen be absorb- \
ffords but lit-
j„.s, usually ob-
Sng with a por-

pg red colours,
o derive colour
ircb.il, madder,
uble in water ;

They are all
naturally crim-
arlet hue, it is

The basis, by
his may be ex-
will leave only
ecoction> some

She was as famous as her husband for her
zeal and devotion. With no disposition to
I ] usurp the religious functions peculiar to
super-tartra male members (^orthodox christian church-
es, she could still on proper occasion melt
the hearts of all who heard her in prayer
and exhortation. Her oldest son, the Rev.
The ji Abraham Marshall, won a great pi tee in the
meric, fustic l° ve anc * admiration of his countrymen for
' his piety and eloquence. With him and nu-
merous other deseendents around her, Mrs.

SECT. XIII.

super-tartr;
muriate of
scarlet coloi

ei
accordingly

tion of alum Mar-hall survived to extreme old age.

minous base
ide of tin, a
and with ox
it gives a gr
4. A com

131

of nitro=
rmanent

ch, tur-
colours,
nterven-
:he alu-
with ox-
orange ;
F indigo.

In those pre-revolutionary days in our
history as a people, there was no little talk
and belief in the near approach of the mil-
lenium, At one period of his life Mr. Mar-
shall was a firm adherent of this persuasion,
which had oyejnated in America just pre-
vious to the advent of iTohn Wesley and I and tan,
is the princi George Whitfield. ^Multitudes were in daily ne jj as j s

„ _„, I expectation of the second coming of our

, Lord, and they^'produced a great awakening
ures, on a b] in the hearts of the people. The most care-
less and unbelieving, seeing such men as
Daniel Marshall abandoning. their comforta-
ble homes and forsaking everything in the
shape of property in their zeal for the cause,
profoundly dreaded the possibility -joi; such
n event as that which was so. confidently

the cloth a r.
flour. The
black die, hi
VI. Thej
of fixation o!
with a base
in water, a s
matter is p
what is tern
is given by
madder into
that quantit)
in a mortar,
The water 1
and muddy.

, or fig-
hting on
j gum or
leive the

capable

predicted. With the popular mind thus ibination

possessed with the possibility of such an j nat ] t ] er
event as the second coming of our Lord,
it is not wonderful that multitudes fs olounng
so impressed should have sought safety,
both for soul and body, by making a full
surrender of all their rebellious and sceptical
promptings, and in seeking a part in the
great atonement accomplished for all true
believers on Calvary. When the times of
such religious excitement over the expected
coming of our Lord have passed by with
nothing to justify such an expectation, it is
too common for worldly people and too
many professed christians to sneer at the
more coloui credulity of such dupes, as they are called ;
fifth or sixtl but let all such remember that the Master
himself declared that this momentous inci-
dent of the coming ages was to be as a thief
in the night in the matter of its approach.
um, dissolve! Then let no man sneer at his brother for a
. , , : mistake concerting tins tremendous and un-

A an ounc certain event which so surely awaits its ful-
potash ; a vij filment somewhere in the coming years. If
ter will be rJ not even tne an g e ls can foretell that day
,, . > and hour, it may be well pardoned in any

peatedly Wltu "••■"no- irarpr. <-.!„,, . r ....... ...

, . human intelligence that it should be mis

obtained, con taken in surmises on this subject.

Mr. Daniel Marshall was not a Baptist
when he indulged in his anticipations of our
Lord's speedy coming again on earth. La-
borious and useful years of service, both
among his own countrymen and the heathen

then or wi
boils. — Let

Other lake
-stimtion of di

forming
process
h crop-
ir times
•iturate,
he bag.
. opake
a till no
fter the
an ear-
; liquor
e of aL
itirring.
mate of
ng mat-
/ash re-
will be

e sub-
cocl>

i3S

ineal, t
means c

Tan

and in t
the lare
and in
affords

I 1
accordi;
feet puij

1. In
till the ;
ceases t
distilled
water fc
cipitatei
nin, whi
There I
that, by
titled tc
though
rations.

2. In
of carbc
ing was
thus pr^
but cent

3. Int
precipiti
the exct
When a
and rau|

It has 1
catechu
gists' sh'
being a
subitum
tract of
purer foi

Mohawks, intervened between such an ex>
pectation and his acceptance of the truth as
Baptists hold it. If he ever was vain and
fantastic in this respect, it was before he
became a member of the Virginia Baptist
church. Let us remerdber, too, that if our
Saviour had thus failed to realize the antici-
pations of his faithful servant, this disap
point ment worked no abatement in his zeal
and devotion to the great work of. deliver-
ance from sin and of fealty to the Prince of
Peace. Like a tireless and valiant soldier
of the Cross, the Rev. Daniel Marshall be-
came, if anything, more eager than ever to
spend and be spent in the sacred work of
human salvation.

It was thus that ere long Daniel Marshall
was again found turning away from home
and all its .creatuee comfoi ts to undergo
harlships and sufferings in another mission-
ary journey and settlement in the Province
of Georgia." There selecting a home near
what is now the city of Augusta, he resumed
the work he had so successfully prosecuted
in so many previous fields of labor. The
same fervor of soul and pathetic eloquence
were his as he implored his** new neighbors
to seek the salvation which was so free to
all who will only open their sinful hearts for
its entrance. The old man more eloquent
and dauntless than ever.f)aused never a mo
ment in his work by reason of human obsta-
cles. It was in vain that the civil and re-
ligious authorities of St. Paul's Parish pro-
cured his arrest and temporary imprison
ment. Repeiting Peter and John's reply to
the Sanhedrim's command and enjoining
their cessation of proclaiming the resurrec
tion and ascension of our Lmd, be told his
tormentors that their orders for his silence
in their bailiwick were impossible of being
complied w th on his part. That as the her-
ald of our Lord's coming kingdom in their
midit, his duties were of such a nature as
to transcend and overshadow in importance
ail the Jaws and injunctions framtd by hu
man authorities. Not even when in the
midst of the Revolution he fell captive to
his British enemies, did his fortitude for
sake him. Having asked and obtained per-
mission of the officer in charge to speak and
pray for these enemies of himself and his
cherished American cause, he ;j"> impresseed
them that they at once gav? , ".- '■'
Thus in faithful service to God and his fel
lowmen the ^ood old man labored on in his
mission until on the 2nd day of November,
1784, he rested from his long and useful ca
reer among men and went to receive there-
ward awaiting the redeemed.

CHAP. XIX.

jcipitated by

1 willow, &c.
3od, contains
'A, the next ;

ie epidermis

•'ocesses; but,
state of per-

jriate of tin,
abundantly,
quantity of
.ity of warm
>f tin is pre-
and the tan-
evaporation.
, to believe
scarcely en-
ark applies,
(lowing ope-

ed solution

ite, after be-

tan. When

jrfectly pure,

kali.

tic acid. A
water, and
f of potash,
falls down,
' of water,
japonica, or
h the drug-
remainder
mrities. A
ame of Ex-
of tan in a

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Richer* in
■Worth Carolina.

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir V-KevTTemuel Borkitt.

CHAPTER ONE.

39
ol-

;old

eat-

5ECT. XVIII.

cools. When tr
ours.

3. It is solubl
alcohol. Wate

4. Hot ether i
ed in a spoon, it

5. It is solub The greatest of all the doon w i , , » *»*■

^aciditdissi J* ;» g^^FSS idi *

formed, a bitte, tune."' Doubtlei L °Z?J leads on '° for- .

6. I, mayo ^atly coSSSw ^"SfflSf 1 ^!"™ U-

r -J ^dividual and nMHnn,ii gugas P ect8 of
Uon of resin ar^ on ^ J b ^ n ^ advancement; but bally

lo render it soi whom it would hi ',7 $ ei \ ha ™ been 'men

our reflectfons with anvnn -!° aSSOciate in

would have resulted f^J™? 1 *' whic ^ :h a P"

sequence. The Sless heart? °^ ^ K *«

nous minds of th W pi\! a , rs and lm Pe- [.
were as much SEJrS hty fan « 8 of men f heat '
p.eceJenL and S C01 ? 01 of ]aw < ances >

their fame exceed SKS^' a ? W
to successful adventu^r«iu 10 aiIo "ed [ H

as the rival, Snot tt Zlf- been imm «-tal * be re-
moved from an orator, and of Tacitus andn?' CiCer ? as d ' An
orange-colo, feno^htdet ^ ^nls^f * hon-
ey, having ttaatof motrn StS "» ^ ^ ar °"
maucsmel/ in the civil developmenT o mT? f one "boiling

uor,asitc their cases the mil sn ° do « bt *at in even les cov-
ered with Golden opportunS^fl^ 5"£f had met , d by fil .
tration; a ^ff^^& S£# ^ess.
the most of S?L 'l Gnce each m ade x by sat-
tunehad.madep1ssl & b le° Wn ^ and «* boilmg it

cians';Xa Se c e C;/ itC]e like the1 ^-
memoirof an h^LblT^V to P reface &* I
analogy between M-1? P reac ber with
historic figu r es as t^fl &Dd - SUch § ra » d

dramatist, " One tonnh ^ . the mi gbty L-
whole world akin » %?J natnre m akes°thi |" g '
a^m. These conquerors and

This nam<
pears to be p^
tion to nitric

I. To a qt
a tubulated i
specific graV
as. long as an
a yellow mat
While the c
ed into a gla
with a glass!
thick. As i

This mass
urating it j
with char
II. Su

1. It is

2. It hj
in boiling

140

indig

4.
ter hi

6. i.
conce

7.
salts <

Th
beric
Chevi
Niche

Th.
propri
propei
etable
in the
even t
tic acii
quanti;
propor
neitliei
they di
heen fc

The
ly it w
natura
ed it ir!
solidati

The
Tar, M
Turf, ;
the Hoj

Nap
thin, o
Which i

scourges of the human race were far inferior i
as to any good they accomplished to many a chap. xix.
man who asked for no higher honors than
those won in proclaiming a crucified 8a- )Iue solution of
viour. History holds record of no moreglo- I
rious and picturesque figure than that of '
him who, arising from his blindness and ! n " boiling wa-
Pharisaical enmity, went forth to lift up and
instrucjj the people of so many different na-
tionalities. While subsequent records con- H
tain no such an evangelist as Saul of Tarsus [ s obtained in
became, though in his genius, culture, fear- ^ts.
lessness and devotion, he will be ever unap- F
proachable, yet it has pleased God to raise ms a class ot
up other men of largely similar aspects. To
the life and services of such a preacher of ties of the su-
righteousness, this memoir, with all due can-
dor, invites the kindly attention of the ™estigated by
reader. 23d volume of

In all the long catalogue of Baptist preach-
ers who, in the last two centuries, have
lived aijd labored for the Lord in North Car-
olina, no greater name appears than that of
Lemuel Burkitt. He is yet indeed, in large- I
ness and variety of his gifts, in the abun-
dance and beneficence of his works, and the
power of his influence, unequaled in all our s with more
histor}' as a civilized people. Though born
amid all the comparative poverty and disad- » m chemical
vantages marking the condition of the great ts of the vegf
body of our people in that period, he rose , a j ^ ey Durn
superior to the tramels of birth and place,
and made himself as great in knowledge as j at surpasses
he was in true godliness. That a man-child | a weak ace-
so ushered into the world, amid humble and considerable
unlettered associates, should, by his almost
unaided efforts, so overcome every obstacle la Hy a small
to education and consideration among his i. They are
countrymen, goes far toward vindicating
the opening generalization of this memoir. respect

Lemuel Burkitt neither waited for time or iat they have
tide in human affairs to lead him on in that ables.
grand pathway of consecration in the ser- ',-, p
vice of God and his fellowmen, which, in f u# roimer -
due season, won him such glorious guerdons, p, by a sort of
Like the great Duke of Wellington, "The jj has render-
pathway of duty was his road to glory." He
shed no human gore even in the rightful de-
fence of his native land. He followed no
glittering baubles of pride and ambition.
His manhood was spent first in laborious .
self preparation, and then in the most ar- ^nous Wood,
dent and ceaseless labors for the lifting up J Amber and
of the minds and spirits of his people.

With so noble an ideal ever leading him
on, Lemuel Burkitt became in due season to
the Baptist churches in eastern Virginia
and North Carolina almost as potent a guide
as was Martin Luther amid the Germans of
- Ljnnaean Transactions, 1797.

rom the con-

urn-, Mineral

sts as a light,
inflammable,
n springs in

sect. xix. j his time. Not only revered as the foremost
preacher amid his clerical peers, he was
also a reformer to chasten and elevate both
creed and practice in the churches, he found
so disorganized aud purposeless. He it was,
above all others, that induced these congre-
gations to give over their jealousies and
fears in the preparation for a closer union in
the Lord by means of a reformation of the
By long exjj churches. To his vast and tireless exertions
msses to th< as missionary i n distant regions, he added
. . another grace in his written records of his
times as to their ieligious aspects. Thus
be became three over entitled to undying
recollection and praise.

Mr. Burkitt was born in Chowan county
in the year of our Lord 1750. His parents
were not blessed with wealth or much knowl-
edge of books. They were like the great
body of their countrymen, plain, hard-work-
ing people, who, in the utter want of public
schools, were thus unable to afford any large
advantages to their eager and intelligent
boy. It" is true, that the towns of Edenton,
Newborn and Wilmington in the east, and
the ^Hcansylvania academies of the western
settlements, were in existence, but to the
poverty of the Burkitt family they were as
inaccessible as were Oxford and Cambridge
Universities in England. No doubt, at rare
intervals, little Lemuel Burkitt went along
with his parents and saw in Edenton the
pomp of the Colonial courts, as, amid an
army of sheriffs - with drawn swords, the
judges, in their bag wigs and gowns, opened
in the King's name their solemn proceed-
ings. He saw a still more imposing pageant
each winter, if in Edenton when the Gen-
eral Assembly met. The wharves, too, of
Miner a that ancient capital were thronged at that
of a redish ^ a ^ with vessels from beyond the seas and
those engaged in the New England and
resembles \ West India trade. Edenton was the fore-
The solic most port of entry and thus held a para-
on -- ■**',} mount importance among the sister towns
a ' of the Province.

To a boy of Lemuel Burkitt's natural
M althjj acuteness such opportunities of seeing the
higher aspects of human life were by no
q means lost. No doubt St. Paul's Episcopal
church, with surpliced rector and its organ
and choir, came in also for its due portion
of impressions on the sensitive and imagina-
tive soul of the lad. The grand harmonies
jof the chants, the pomp and beauty of the
liturgy, weie alike a revelation and inspira-
tion to him, as th^y have been to countless
1.07 to 1.6i others, who have listened spell bound to
flame. By distillation fle r se, it yields a light brown

Italy, and on
but not disa;
according tc
Naphtha
smell and n

ric or nitric
not miscibl

Naphtha
in which ox;
circumstanc,
discovered
action on it
metals soon
naphtha int<

Petroli
greasy fee!
redish brow

When di
tained ; the
oil ; and a

Petroleu
convert it i
the same <
with fat an
and, when i

and Peat.

M
little
but does n
2.06. It i!
leaving on

Asphal
and does i

141

Jtrating
.708, or
enheit.
etrating
teration.
eu, and
sulphu-
y. It is

icd with,
L This
w metals

have no
ur, these

with the

id has a
and of a

i first ob-
k brown
3tort.
ric acids
produces
ambining
sulphur ;

eum, and

iperties it

^tic Bitu-

s of Coal

ilour, and

te nails,
1.45 to
jjht flame,

shining,
ies from
s a yellow
oil resem

148

bling r
a quani
-Klapro
.of his '

The
require/
colour,

Elas
duetion
It is h
heat it i
ttim.

Ret
It lias i
Hire.
It melt
It is p
bundle

Pit-.

of miix

'brown <j

Br 01,
tinctly,
origina
nearly 1
and wit
mode o
bears
charrec

Blac
purpos
which
men an
jngredi
melt or
tirely a
a quant
in soku
oration
produc
■may be
tort, a 1

these noble prayers and confessions of the
soul uttered by the great prelates of the
past.

But with all these impressive accessories
to her system of worship, tne English church
failed to satisfy the longings of Lemuel
Burkitt's soul. He had made himself scholar
enough to read King James' English version
of the Holy Scriptures, and he had heard
more than one Baptist evangelist giving his
gloss as to the disputed points in the New
Testament. The great problems which are
ever suggesting themselves to the heart
of man were not wanting in the early expe-
rience of this acute sfrtd profound human in-
telligence. He could understand how the
wisest of men had come to the deep ques-
tion of ' ' wherein shall a young man cleanse
his way ?" In the mystery and suggestions
of -the-sight reason, these fearful self- ques-
tionings could not be evaded, however suc-
cesfful he might be in the companionship
and pangs of the day's duties. "What shall
it profit a man to gain the whole world and
lose his own soul ?" cried the Son of God,
and the words came to Lemuel Burkitt with
all the sanctions they had known with the
multitudes on the plains of Galilee. In such
communion with his own"" spirit, Lemuel
Burkitt fled for refuge to that divine love
and compassion, in whose unfailing help so
many myriads of other agonized souls have
found peace and rest. In his nineteenth
year he thus made an open profession of re-
ligion and became a member of the Baptist
church, then known as Camden, but was
really the old mother-stock, Shiloh. He was
baptized by Rev. Henry Abbott. There is
now no account of any other Baptist church
in all the region of old Albemarle east of
Chowan river and north of the sound. There
was Meherrin in Hertford, Sandy Run in
Bertie, and Kehukee in Halifax. It was
thus only by some considerable travel that
Mr. Burkitt could reach any congregation of
his own faith and order.

He was not alone in his glory as a leader
of men in the ancient bailiwick of Chowan.
There were a score or more of gentlemen
known and honored all over the Province
who then had their residence in its limits.
That learned jurist, Mr. Barker, who was
the law tutor of Gov. Samuel Johnston, was
yet the greatest name in the courts. Mr.
Samuel Johnston and Mr. James Iredell, his
brother-in-law, were to reach even higher
honors and renown that was ever the for-
tune of their instructor. Besides these legal
and civil luminaries Edenton numbered in

CHAT. XIX.

immonia, and
ji analyzed by
cond volume

a, of which it
a deep black

> a rare pro-
i) Derbyshire.
, By a gentle
la, orasphal-

same county.

a, glassy frac-

jravity 1.135.

bright flame.

c acid. One

earthy matter..

tinct varieties

be families of

carbon.

exhibits, dis-

|decay it has

d elastic, and

I clear flame,

iur. In the

pearance, it

is been half

pplied to the

etables from

und of bitu-

>f these two

best kinds

i almost en-

n, they yield

of ammonia

icli, by evap-

a'n immense

gas, which

In the re-

ontains gen»

SECT. H«

quires a cole
of this vol.)
• 7. Alcoho
extract; su
acids ; vol:
with sulphu
carbonates
lie bases, al
others not a
en up, is sti
defect of wl
hoi employe
Two hum

Borate
Fluate

Muria

Nitrai

Oxah

Tartr

Supc

Mr. ti
power of
of the ne

' crystal
iol, the 1

K§ inhabitants, the Pollocks, Bsnburys,
Swains, Brownriggs, Johnsons, Creecys,
Jones's, and other families noted for wealth
and culture. Reared in such a community,
it was no wonder that Mr. Burkitt should
have been incited to eaily and strenuous
efforts at self-improvement in mind as well
as the more solemn and i iiportant matter of
escape from wrath to come in the next
world. Like many more of his North Caro-
lina compeers, this work of education and
mental discipline was to.be almost wholly
dependeut upon hisjpwn unaided exertions.
Reference has already been made to the
great dearth of schools ia the- Province.
There was a parallel want of books also. In-
deed the lists of the literary treasures in-
cluded in the libraries of the richest and
most intelhgent men of that day seems pitia-
ble to the minds of men who, iu this gen-
eration, rejoice in su ;h overflowing abun-
dance. A few great men might add Shake
speare's and Addison's works to their Eng-
lish Bible, but all other British and French
classics were conspicuous by their absence.
It is probable that Elder Burkitt's whole lio-
erary repertory was included in the Bible,
Pilgrim's Progress, Watts' "Hymns and Gill's
Theology. Not even the wisdom of Dr.
Johnson or the wit of Pry or and Steele had
as yet triumphed over the double obstacles
of an intervening ocean and the stolid igno-
rance of the people. The sole reliance of
the great mass of the North Carolinians of
that day, in the matter of educating their
children in the first rudiments of literary
culture, was in the homeless w r anderers, who
passed from settlement to settlement and
for brief seasons would halt long enough to
teach fe^afbrfef season the children of their
temporary vicinage. They thus got food
and lodging by quartering on first one family
and then another, and in addition won a
stipend, meagre m, best for his labors in the
log school house. These restless peripatet-
ics were thus too general in their favors to
work much benefit at any single scene in
their careers. To such instructors the great
preacher of the future was indebted for aft
the small aid he received in fitting himself
for the future that as yet seemed so hopeless
to his most ardent imaginings.

We may imagine, but would be utterly
unable to describe, the added anguish of
soul that came to young Lemuel Burkitt
when, in God's providence, he had become

149

k he end

jgetable
benzoic
ps- also,
ith their
d metal-
Ijly, and
are tak-
rincipal
he alco-
ve of

uns r
1

1
17
88
13
. 5
19
14
18
14

5
23

owing the
re several
heir water
with alco-
L-enheiti

convinced of his duty to devote his life to a
proclamation of the gospel. With all his
peerless native endowments both as to mind
and energy of nurnose. h fi f™^ „+ *"_

150

Sulphat His ignorance of the orien&Tisms and filrSes

m of Hebrew speech, the confusing historical

Nitrate and geographical allusions, and the thousand

otner things which dishearten and dismay

Muriat ever y ^kolar unfitted by want of previous

. 1 J^f^f t« comprehend- the task before

f "f ■ But the race is not always to the

switt. Determination, love and praver have

— - unlocked all that is needed to bfSwn in

• God s word to countless others far less com

— — — , petent to struggle with such difficulties as

Acetat] thus beset Mr . Burkitt in his first efforts in

such a field. His want of early preparation

made his way to knowledge far more d.ffi-

CKAP. XX\

>hol at

.834

0.38
0.38
0.5
1.5
36.25
0.18
0.32
4.75

.817 #

50
0.09
0.06
4.88

nnif „«,. "*. .~7~ ',' — &"- iCli "jure mm- , are precipi-

cult and protracted, but his genius sun • a :u i

ported both by religious zeal and SahViZ ie&Y Wlth the

omuon, m the end enabled him to become Irately, while

b«h p 1; „ phet and priiu'rhisTtoWrgaoI

devoted countrymen. s

;at and a few

8. Alcohol, when transmitted tnrougn a raa-iiot copper tube is
decomposed. The tube is found lined with a very fine light soot
resembling lamp-black, and an enormous quantity of carburetted
hydrogen gas is evolved, not less, as appears from an experiment
of Van Marum, than ten cubic feet by the decomposition of three
ounces of alcohol. From the analysis of this gas, Mr. Cruick-
shank has inferred that in alcohol the carbon is to the hydrogen in
the proportion of 4 to 1.*

9. In order to determine accurately the composition of alcohol,
Lavoisier burned a quantity with very minute attention to the pro-
ducts. The weight of alcohol consumed amounted to 93.5 grains,
and 110.32 grains of oxygen were expended in the combustion.
The water produced amounted to 106.2 grains, and the carbonic
acid to 93.8. From the known quantity of carbon in carbonic a-
cid, and of hydrogen in water, Lavoisier inferred that the alcohol,
on which he operated, consisted of

Carbon 28.53

Hydrogen ----- 7.87

Water (existing in the alcohol) - 63.6

100

Comparing, then, the composition of alcohol with that of sugar
(a compound, as has already been stated, of 8 parts hydrogen, 64

* Nicholson's Journal, 4to. v. 7.

SECT. II.

oxygen, and S
led to the cor
the carbon, b
bonic acid, a
the sugar, c
combine carl
rated.

An analysi
ble skill by S
ed in his exp
pour of alcol;
by weight of

~^=== r=r I 151

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in

North Carolina, t wa »
jart of

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN. f car-

Memoir V-BevTTemuel Burkitt

pie to

CHAPTER TWO.

gene-

In the sec
transmitting
analyzed tb
discovered i
escaped del
feions of ak(

These r|
true elenv
particularj
cent, of w
the oxyge
in the sta
and nitros

By dist
an impor
lighter tit
nviscible

Ourlast chapter left the subject of this
memoir an the midst of his first triads and sidera '

hlmse 1 ! 1 fnr n t C h 0Untered 1 iu his WOrkof fi tting mploy-
ilimself for the gospel ministry. He was *u
neither so ignorant as to be blind to™ the Va ~
many needs, nor yet so conceited as to dream JO parte

w?uld tlln»? lty - 0i Speech and Nation
Si J v f0r ms want of knowledge. Un-
lettered as he was, his natural acuteness and
logical turn of mind enabled him to see how
; utterly some of the good old preachers of
that day failed m their efforts at expounding
things beyond theft apprehension. P He saw
that m most of them that beyond their >harT
sodiesover the love and grace of God a^d i, i >
the final perseverance of the saints there = ° ho1 by
was^t^e left as topics of discourse Of terwards

inen Hearers of the paramount doctrine • u u j
touching immersion, but this could bV only llch ha *

ne? e F e w V nf 7 ^ rief f Ud Vertiactory ma/ propor-

ner * ew of them knew anything of the

Kt ™ b ?° nd th , e st * te ^ts of Jhe New

S ^ru n th e n a f n ? ell , StS - T J e "Stable and
nxea truth of history, showing how the

1 olrvertl ^ andcoUQcils had changed and
perverted the ordinance was beyond their
studies on the subject. While it was v W v i
rue that the Bibleitatement we e o? tl e m 7
selves enough to settle the matter for Si '
reasonable minds, there were still many

he asked his B^^^U^ ™ *?

S Ss wih n ei 7 of the Romi ^ i^Y, €Xist ' not

cWiai* n ? ed P erve ™s of the early U carbon,

S ordinances, were so little known

darken ,nnf S i° Pa \ c J 9r ^ m ^ could thus ,

oomnrtte^ k f*? v distress his ""lettered undergoes

and Sst a ^ ^"VS?* h ° W Cou]d so able nsiderably

th7 SSu thmk that such fencing with L K1 A

the truth was a part of his great duty in M* 1 * * nd

justifying the ways of God with men" * id h

' Ear ^^^ 1 ^^.. bet ^.than Lemuel

as rcr

»wj aa{. itn «•

Burkitt, or any other Baptist of Albemarle,
*53 i n that early day, that they were practicing
the precise rite used by Jdhn the Baptist
ceived and the apostles, yet he accepted as author-
<'istine< itative and rightful a change in Bible prac-
" p . ticeon no better grounds than the decrees

of Whic f a sect his church had been for centuries
denouncing as the*brood of the scarlet wo-
man, and had put to death as traitois and
heretics thousands who had dared avow
faith in Rome on English soil.

But let us ever be thankful to God that
while hjer nian-leav,ening is invaluable in its
sphere, and always a mighty helper to the
man who undertakes to expound the myste-
ries of godliness, yet at the same time the
divine goodness has so ordered that those
things really necessary to be understood in
the Bible plan of salvation are so plainly set
forth that even the wayfaring man may not
err therein. Popes, prelates and councils on
the one hand, and synods and conferences on
the other, may set forth their interpreta-
tions of whai they hold as*truth, but the ul-
timate appeal of every true enquirer as to
the way which leads to life eternal must
ever remain in the imperishable chart God has
given us as a lamp for our feet. It was on
such safe and traditional courses that young
Lemuel Burkitt turned from human glosses
and gathered for himself from the fountain
head of truth the rules of his own faith and
practice. How with such meager aids to
higher attainments he managed so soon to
shine as a star among his humbler brethren
in the Baptist ministry was no doubt as-
tounding to himself as it was grateful to the
thousands who hung enthralled on his thril-
ling utterances. Converted in 1769 in his
nineteenth year, we find two years later,
when Gov. Tryon was ravaging the country
of the conquered Regulators, a new preacher
appeared down in ancient Albemarle. It
was only two years later when he was called

\o <_ the pastorate of Bertie or Sandy Run
church. This was then the most influential
body of Baptists in eastern Carolina, and for
so voung a man to become their guide in re-
ligion was no small tribute to the unusual
gifts of the voung pastor. But this was only
a foretaste o*f what the power and influence
of Mr. Burkitt would soon be.

In order that the average reader may un-
derstand Mr. Burkitt's relations to the Bap-
tists of Albemarle in that great era of change
and reformation in religious and political
affairs, it wll be necessary to recur to the
condition of the churches of his faith in the
eastern and western settlements. When in

CHAP. XX.

varieties are
intervention

I. %
oi" alcol
cool aft
ric acic
the ten
heit.
to 200 c
lated r
twice b
mersec
pour is
lowed
caiion
i,in to
The eb
retort,
er is tl
probab
quantit
tu re m:
ally.
water t
in a wc
bout 1 r

If wJj
ed, andj
dantly, I
ver. %
to correi
ficient t
remains

II. J\
alcohol
of nitric
tin? the

any quantity

ie mixture to

ated sulphu-

ing care that

120° Fahren-^

ously heated

with a tubu-

a glass tube,

erture be im-

ndensible va-

duced are al-

by the appli-

materials be-

the receiver.

ppear in the

id the receiv-

contains, will

ify it, a small

and the mix-

g it occasion-

! distilled in a

be preserved

ployed, as a-

ir be remov-
xluces abun-*
ler, distils o-
iquid potash
o a heat suf-
le oil of wine

two pints of
half a pound
rials, by set-
mixture by a

SECT. IV.

composed ;
over ; and,
carbonate o
When thi
the vegetan
ed with sulj
ganese, and
tained, also,
phate of coi
The crysi
which may
filiation in a
colour, and
specific grai
be reserved |
Derosne,* ti
specifically
ly acid, assu
kali which t
was found a
has even le
obtained, in
portions of i
of potash pr
rectified by
has a penetrj
ly with the J
is highly in;
that it is mi:
ities of ethei
nitro-muriat!
name of fiyr
fined to the
is owing, the
changes in tl
These obj
M. Mollerat.
precisely the)
one containe
The first he

* Annales d\
f Annates «fe

1773 Lemuel Burkitc oecaine the pastor of
Sandy Run church, there had never been
exchanged the slightest token of fraternal
recognition between the reformed churches fs come
of Sandy Creek Association and their Bap-
tist brethren in the low country. Eight
years of marvelous growth^ and expansion
had been vouchsafed of heaven to the little
group of the New Lights who formed the
first congregation planted in 1755 by Messrs
Stearns and Marshall. But a strange and
unreasoning jealousy had been manifested
by the older Baptist preachers and congre-
gations toward these apostles of a purer
faith. The same aversion to all change
which is yet so largely characteristic of
North Carolinians had condemned unheard
every overture from the New Light mission-
aries. These old Baptists of the remote past
were as unreasoning and deaf to the truth
as have been the misguided Kehukees of a
later period. The truth is, that the people
were misguided by weak and uninformed
preachers, who had* failed to comprehend
the logic of the situation and the force of
the truth through the fact that they were >werful=
unprepared to part with their prejudices. y f a j„
Bishop Burkitt, young as he was, had suf- , .

fered from no such unchristian disability. " uc t s > it
He loved the truth wherever he found it, ft which
and the truth had made him free. In the
might of his victorious zeal and eloquence,
he traversed the broad territory then hold-
ing the eastern Baptist churches and as one
inspired he laid bare all the ruinous incon-
sistencies of the faith and practice which
was keeping his beloved people in error and
disunited from their w 7 iser brethren. He
told them that Baptists for centuries had
warred upon infant baptism because Christ
had required faith and repentance as pre-
requisites to such an ordinance. Here were
Baptist churches not only baptizing men
and women into membership, but in more
instancos than was at all creditable,, they
were ordaining ministers to the work of the
full gospel ministi-y who made no pretence
that they had any experience of the new
birth in Christ. Was the Saviour's declara-
tions to Nicodemus to be set down as mean-
ing nothing, or were the Baptists claiming ^
the old papal power of changing the Master's ones of
teaching ? Was it no longer true that the ^ j ]ad
Bible was the great Baptist rule of faith ?
Had the churches set up some higher stand- " at tDe
ard of construction as to the plainest teach jily 41.
ings of the Scriptures? The young apostle j -j
of the truth, with all his superiority of elo-
quence and equipment, was also consum
Chimie, lxviii. 88 ; or Nicholson's Journal^ xxv. 155.

159

)on with

ric acid,
n, mix-
of man-
y be ob-
ind sul-

s retort,
d to dis-
a green
on. Its
>roducts
M. M.
i though

may be

e latter

acetate

may be

impid ;

i rapid-

d ; and

cepting

le qual- -

ing the

■ it the

is con-

ier, and

but to

mate in his bearing and treatment of his less
gifted brethren. Nothing more clearly dem- [
onstrated his greatness of soul than the fact c «ap. XX.
that while thus exposing the ignorance and
that ca ™**J*" S ° f J"f * Jer ical peers, he was still Moderate heat

with tt t v! ? / etam th ,? lr love and admiration ,
wth g for himself personally. A weaker and vainer I
acid, b leformer would have only succeeded in ar
quired r *3; iE g every one of them in stubborn and
a i i unheedin S opposition to the puoposed nun-
added fication of the churches. SoffiXls I 1 the acid ' **
-that tl being the qase when the ablest man among became 1079,
From f? em ,' the Rev Henry Abbott, pastor of the re ~„iar dimi-

Camden church, had heard all the glowing ' g
nuuoq and unanswerable appeal, he set the needed observ ed the
same t example of resigning his place as pastor un- \ silver. .
I til he could be again baptized. He hade-on? Li
Ac* i n + n fVlQ „v„««u i.-i , . ■ L j-« n <*" gone )i e properties.

on. To this
100 grains re-
he gradually

Its si
plied;
a silv«
tempt

into the church, like a host of others, with
no pretence of being converted. Being the ^ ter when a P°
son of the canon of Westminster in London, ^hen heated in
he had taken as true the teachings of his L *
childhood touching baptismal regeneration. ? hre * At the
Thus, like another Peter the Hermit °lid and shoots
intob fetching a fresh crusade, Mr. Burkitt fixed It appears not
t«K. ^? prepared the minds and hearts of the f a PP earBnoc
to be i Albemarle Baptists for his next step in the 1X transmitted
it five program of reformation. The Sandy Run ;h the effect of
churcr/in 1774 was the instrument for its
consummation. It resolved in conference ;
that in the future that body would hold fel- .nation with al-
lowship with no congregation that would

only s
Th

kalis,
Th

admit or continue in membership any person • , • f

who had not claimed to have experienced ' ls P ertectl y
white such a change of heart as is implied in the ?nie blackened

by th
gar.
eold '
dillati

common vine-

Saviour's words touching the new birth.

This apparently bold and high-handed posi-v

tion as to her relations to the other churches P wn wei gbt of

of the Kehukee Association was the occa-

ohol. By dis-

sion of, as Mr. Burkitt had foreseen, a no [ • t .

small outcry and stir among the dry bones ^ ™

tic etl i a some of the churches in the region which, gases.

Ac i Q later years, were to revolt from Bible fliquesce in the
teaching as to missions. There was little '
or no discord and disunion in -the churches
which later formed the Chowan Association,

tillatn but beyond the Roanoke there were heard
rumors of discontent and remonstrance over
the course pursued at Sandy Run.

Not only had the visit of the Rev. Messrs.
Vanhorn and Miller failed to affect these
churches, it was feared by a multitude of
anxious brethren that the action of Mr.
Burkitt's church would be no more success-
ful. They feared that so far from any gen-
eral' reform being thus brought about, that
the only result would be a lasting and hope-
less schism in the churches so lately unified
in their formation of the Kehukee Associa-
tion. That organization effected at the cost

Wenzl of so much labor, prayer and tears, they
Acetate of baiiytes is a crystallizable salt, which does not

air ; <
twice

Ac
em pic

of Mi
tion, 1
water
Fahn
Ac
crysta
the ai

d water, or in
lestructive dis-

!ce from being
ame of Spirit
Is by evapora-
dily soluble in
itilized at 250"

vaporation, to
permanent in
According to

WECT. IV.

grow moisl

the air. I<

not quite tj

very small

that it give:

coloured by

Ace r ati

tioned aceta

for solution.

Acetate

ly in the sta

cent, and so

Acetate

position, frotj

sulphate of £|

tance from it

however, to

mon alum, a

with acetous

The META,

described in
edge of this <
made by a m
ferent metall
with bases of}
siderably thai
ly a very snu
ing to the pr<
ed pyro-aceti
less definite
we obtain a
ties.

Of all the v
greatest speci
kalis. In thi
weight of the
none of the py
The residuum
of charcoal,
were distilled,
and manganes

* Amu
vox,, n.

ACETIC ACID.

said was now doomed to certain division and
moral wreck. It really seemed that these
prophets of evil were right in their horo-
scope of the future. Tidings from the upper
counties were full of the resolutions of divers
Baptist churches, who were instructing their
delegations to. the approaching session of
the Kehukee. Association at the Falls of Tar
river, and nearly all of those weie in the
plainest sort of way condemnatory of Sandy
Run's action.

But the patient and trusting soul of Lem-
uel Burkitt was all unmoved at the prospect
of his brethren's inanity. He was at work
for God and his people, and no human dis-
pleasure could reach or dismay a soul thus
doubly armed in the course of duty. As the
clerk of this same great B iptist Association,
he had won so much love and admiration
from all his brethren, it was sad to think
that any part of the loving communion of
the past should be lost by his efforts for the
Lord. His sensitive and poetic soul instinc-
tively shrank from everything like feud an J
bitterness, but he recallel the fact of how
his Lord and Master, wit- all his gentleness
and beneficence, had yet round life so little
a bed of roses ; so let the worst come that
was possible to the prom ruin gs of prejudice
and unreasoning prepossessions, the path-
way of his duty was still left as plain and
undisturbed as the light of the stars.

On the other hand, there were many
things to sustain the young reformer and his
faithful Sandy Run congregation in their
high and devoted course. Elder John Me-
glamre, the moderator of the Kehukee As-
sociation, was the first to come to his res-
cue. His Sussex church m Virginia passed
resolutions in conference precisely similar to
those of the Bertie people Then came news
of similar action of the churches both in Vir-
ginia and North Carolina, but the great ma-
jority had as yet been averse or silent on the
issue. Before the month of October could
come and witness the marshalling of the
Baptist hosts in the discussion of their dif-
ferences, the shots had been fired by the
British soldiers at Lexington, whose echoes
rolled around the world/ Loving hearts al-
ready sore at the prospect of discord with
brethren, saw with added dismay their na-
tive land forced into conflict with their King,
who was preparing great fleets* and armies
for their subjugation to his wishes. It can,
then, be easily imagined how anxious and
prayerful the soul of Lemuel Burkitt must
have grown as discord and danger, both in

21 " ' '

161

osure to
Did, and
■ only a
/ix finds
, 0.845,

■t men-
d water
;d.

but on-
:liques-

lecom-
ne and
impor-
pplied,
-f com-
lumine

Iready
knowl«
y been
he dif-
e salts
r con-
ig on^
is ow-
term-
>n, the .
d, till
oper-

>f.the
Jgal-
squal
ever,
pper.
rtion
lead
t zinc

162 ''nhnr.vh n ;T m &;j t '"»?T^cKs. „,__.,_ -- map. xxi.

Church and State, projeo, ea tneir ominous

, shadows around him: S^h Lis tLM.iitle.53 "

The pyro and patriotic countrymen, he only drew \' Chen "

evix descrij nearer to God as the night of death and un- i a taste,

which at fir 1 ' cer t aiQ ^ deepened around him. To follow u es cool
which at nr on in the road of dutyand righf might bri nes cool

and somew him sorrow and the loss of all things world" l ** e °^ s »
ly, but there yet remained, like hope in Pan- specific

dora's box, the consolation and support of .. :

his soul at ease with God and himself.

:t is very
If point is

but it is n

gravity, w

eombustibl

138° Fahrenheit. It is miscible in all proportions, with water,

with alcohol, and with all the volatile oils, and, at a temperature

considerably below its boiling point, with the fixed oils. When

heated it dissolves sulphur and wax.

CHAPTER XXI.

ANIMAL SUBSTANCES.

THE products of vegetable and of animal life, though they a-
gree frequently in external characters, and even in some of their
chemical relations, present several circumstances of distinction,
which, in general, sufficiently discriminate the two classes. Ani-
mal substances are the results of still more delicate processes, and
of a more refined organization ; and the balance of affinities, by
which they exist, is disturbed by still slighter causes. To the
three great components of vegetable matter (oxygen, hydrogen,
and carbon) a fourth is, in animal substances, added, and consti-
tutes a large proportion of their structure. To the nitrogen, which
they contain, are owing some of the most important qualities, that
distinguish this class of compounds. Hence it is, that instead of
passing through the vinous or acetous fermentations; they are pe-
culiarly prone to undergo putrefaction ; and that, during this
change, they yield, among other products, both nitrogen gas and
ammonia. When exposed to a high temperature, ammonia is,
also, generated in great abundance, by their decomposition ; little
or no acetic acid is produced ; and the coal, which remains, dif-
fers from vegetable charcoal, in being much less combustible.
This general description, however, though it applies to most indi-
viduals of the animal kingdom, is not strictly true with respect to
all. Animal jelly, for example, is rendered sour by spontaneous
decomposition. A few vegetable substancps, it may also be add-
ed, gluten for instance, become at once putrid ; and furnish am>
monia when decomposed by heat.

SRCT. II.

to about 4|
experiment,
substance ii
solid matter
rent substan
of egg consi
only 15£ of
Coagulatii
and affords ;
forms a ven
in gradually
a solution, o
dered percq
tical purpos
accurate tes
The uncc
was not affe
but was cop
considers it
mucus.

Albumer

insoluble in

gestor, appl

stitution. J

no gas is e>,

of the prinq

is taken up

monia. Fii

acids.* By

solution tal

bumen, a 11

after evapo

he apprehe

3. Albui

lum, forme

ing to The

That prod»

cid occasio

so dilute a

produced t

* Thenarc
f Philosoj;

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir V — Kev. Lemuel Blrkitt.

CHAPTER THREE.

The man who by the grace of God, his
own native greatness and the accidents of
fortune, is enabled to play successively, in
the role of a reformer, is one of the noblest
and most beneficent of human creatures.
Though a thousand spurious pretenders and
cranks have arisen in every age to bring ob-
loquy and contempt on the nobler types,
still the world will never cease to remember
and reverence the wise and heroic spirits
that have shown them the way to higher
planes of thought and action. Suppose it
were possible to strike off from the catalogue
of mankind's social and religious privileges,
those that resulted from the teaching and
labors of Wickliffe, Luther, Jefferson and
Gladstone, what a fearful outcry would as
eend to heaven at the loss of so many things
that make life worth living in this world !
The miracles of human advancement
wrought under the leadership of Moses were
almost in every instance as directly the work
of God as were those of our divine Lord and
Saviour. To such complete revolutions in
the affairs of mankind we would be impious
to offer contrasts with those effected by the
exertions of the greatest of our race. As
heaven is high above earth, so far did they
surpass the most comprehensive of merely
human triumphs over the errors and abuses
of preceding ages. While this is true, yet
we should never forget or cease to reverence
the great men who have so largely contrib-
uted toward making civilization what it now
is. The church militant also has been in
every age largely indebted to such holy and
heroic spirits. While remembering our
Lord's promise that the Holy Spirit should
be ever present to aid and sustain his people,
we at the same time know that chosen ves-
sels in human form have been the means
through which such protecting power has
been exerted.

When in October of the ever memorable
year of our Lord 1775, Elder Burk'.tt reached
the scene of religious conflict, amid the del-
egations who had come to the Falls of Tar
river were some noble coadjutors in the
cause of reform. Chief anions; these in the

| 16/

fed to
.dated
id the
mspa-
jwhite
r, and

umen,
rhen it
ling it,
id that
as ren-
1 prao
ciently

found,
galls ;
i. He
ame of

irfectly
Jin's di-
al con-
cygen ;
-action
igulum
af ara-
ged, by
^parent
ited al-
ii gave,
is fluid

coagu-
accord-
ployed.
litric a-
ich are
gulam

Then^

168

ard finds, b)
been coagu
Alum, pr
albumen ; t
500 of watc
but no prec

4. Albun
Union of co
latine or mi
single drop
weight of a
some hours,
sel. The s
containing o;

Solution o
whole of the
is a compoui
of about one
ihe quantity
pose entireb
the latter ; i
composed, i

Nitro-mu
the foregoin
tercd by th
Nitrate of si
ral, from its
slate of gold
taining ^^
dant dense c

5. Solutior
When an infi
100, is added
no immediate
tate ensues,
lution of albu
not susceptibl
tanned leathe

6. Albume
to be slow in i
some weeks i
cording to Sc

ulates
jart in
alum ;

. So-
on ge-
bn. A

fta its
end of

le ves-

liquid,

lpitate
>ortion
From
ecom-
tity of

matter of personal influence was the vener- [• ^ X1,
able moderator, Rev. John McGlamre. This
nobleman of nature as well as of grace was \&t has
of Huguenot blood, and in the purity and
beneficence of his life atoned for any want
on his part of the larger mental gifts of his
younger brother in the Lord, Mr. Burkitt.
So loving and faithful had he been in his
walk, that he had become more influential
with many people than others of higher
gifts as an orator and theologian. His posi-
tion also as presiding officer in so numerous
a body, through the last ten years, had given
him not only weight in their councils as a
trusted leader, but the added advantage
that always can be afforded from the chair
in matters it may please the presiding officer
to favor.

But Mr. Burkitt's greatest assistant on
this important occasion was found in the
person of a layman, Col. William Home
then of Edgecombe, who was the grand- kte thS
father of the late Hon. William Home Bat-
tle, one of the Justices of our Supreme
Court* and displayed great eloquence and no
little skill in biblical criticism in his impas-
sioned appeals for reform and unity in the
creed and practice of the Baptist people.
Col. Horne does not seem to have lingered
long in the vicinity of the Falls of Tar river ;jy d e
after this episode in his life, for we find him
representing Bertie county in the lower
house of the State Legislature in 1780, and ly than
for twenty years thereafter he was intrusted not a i_
with the representation of that ancient and .
renowned constituency, sometimes in the , m "K7«
Senate and then again in the House of Com- jquivo-
mons. It may have been that this very con-
troversy in the Association inclined him to
seek more congenial brethren further east.
Elder Burkitt was further assisted in the
debate by the Rev. David Barrow. He was
a successor in holy orders to the lite Mr.

^ nf a l rn | men HVf. !!•-■ ■■■ ■"■I""

Sojourner in care of Baptist interests in Isle
of Wight county in the State of Virginia.
Mr. Barrow was, in some respects, a very
considerable man in his day. Fluent and
impassioned, he was ever impressive in his
addresses to the multitude ; but he lacked
the power of analysis and arrangement,
which were so manifest in Messrs. Burkitt
and Martin Ross.

The church with which the Kehukee As-
sociation was then in session, was under the -jpears
pastoral guidance of the Rev. John Moore.
This rugged and indomitable, old conserva-
tion was a type and representative of the
people, who so much admired and trusted
him both in things spiritual and temporal. }

ro-mu-

abun-

i is so-

SECT. II.

luble in dilut
centrated. J
cid, Mr. Hati
ble in water,
Many thee
of albumen ;
pears to hav<
bumen he su
and its coag^
with some of
by some re<j
When the w
ic battery, a
negative po
This more
have been c
order to pre
er, it should
sary to the
White ol
water. Wl
ter, and thi
which is th
tity of coag
ulating pov
When ti
strong galv
tive cup ;
the positivf
and muriat
grains of di
line matter
ed, of phos
From tr
may be ap]
men, whic
way he pre
eral anima
ist. It ha;
ulated by j

* Syst
f Phil(

VOL. II

His age, experience and strong will made
him the most formidable of all the spirits
that were then arrayed against the move
ment for greater spirituality in the Baptist
churches. It was all in vain that Scripture
and argument demonstrated the falsity of
his premises. It was enough for hi in and
the men he influenced, that the churches
had managed to live in time past with their
mixed herd of saints and sinners ; and he
was content, he said, to let well enough
alone. He despised innovations. He de-
nounced them as dangerous and sure of
bringing on discord and schism. He was
supported in such objections by Elders Wil-
liam Burgess of Toisnot and Charles Daniel
of Kehukee and John Thomas. The debate
between Messrs. Home and Daniel was said
to have been especially warm and exciting.
It was all in vain that ELJer Burkitt and
his allies called the attention of the body to
the fact that in the confessions of faith adop-
ted by all Baptist churches and the Kekukee
Association, it was held that only upon a
profession of faith in the Lord Jesus, could
baptism be lawfully administered to any
candidate — that any other baptism of un-
converted men and women was opposed not
only to Christ's commandments, but to the
plain letter of our confessed creed on the
subject. The result of the debate was a se-
cession of the malcontents from the house
where they had been in session and the in-
stitution of a rival body, which still laid
claim to being the Kehukee Association.
Reference has already been made to the
fact that the Baptist churches which thus
in those ancient days so obstinately clung
to error were the same which just half a
century later, after their surrender of this
lunacy were to again go in eclipse far more
hopeless an I enduring, when in 1827 they
revolted again against the truth and the
light in their sinful and inexcusable warfare
on missions. This singular instance of thei
power of heredity in transmitting spiritual
and mental traits from one generation to
others far removed in the line of descent has
had its counterpart in the political history
of our State. In the bloody troubles known
in our history as the War of the Regulation,
the very same counties that were singled out
and scourged with fire and sword by Gov.
Tryon were, exactly a century later, the very
head centre and chief arena of the Ku Klux
Ktan's operations. It would thus seem that
Certain races of men have as natural a bias
to error and schism, as others toward a
dauntless and iirepressible spirit of resist
auce to any interference with their civil
rights and liberties.

169

en con-
litric a-
as solu*

juration
ject ap-
ty of al-
matter,
turation
nfirmed
Jrande.t
galvan-
mnd the
ve wire,
pears to
uired, in
al pow-
s necea-

kali and
the wa-
e liquor,
ill quan-
he coag-
kali. i
osed to a
he nega-
umen in
free soda
nett, 500
were sa-
Imention-
of soda.
;alvanism
s of albu-
. In this
le, in sev-
sed to ex-
i is coag-
Fect even

iro

even the i
albuminoi
electricity

proposed
ntities of

The ter

sense, unti

parts of anl

nite meani

the same s

er. The 1

is soluble i

the gelatim

prove that

properties,

tine 4 Foi

be consider

an enlarge

mouth, the

ral, all the <

pose, from

tion of nitr<

they are mi

The subs

was the sali

appearance

ture of this

and suffered

No distin

adding nitn

galls. Gou

after some t:

ed by the tai

decided and

Tan is a mo;

gree, affect

but not of jel

* Philosophi

* Nicholson''

d general
omponent
oore defi-
cations of
each oth-
e, which

animal suncf i» -«r*t» wn

Thus in his twenty-fifth year Lemuel Bur- ™ Ai% xxsr '
kitt, by the help of God and his own great
exertions at last had succeeded in breaking
do.vn the false barriers of pride- and obsti-
nacy which, for twenty years past, had
arisen, as a great Chinese wall, dividing the
hosts of Baptists in the Kehukee Association
from all fellowship with those of other sim-
ilar American organizations. He must have
been saddened beyond measure when so
many men he loved arose and went off from
the great christian fold that he and they had
so much delighted in building into grander
dimensions. Like all men of high, natural
genius, he was thereby more capable of
grief and depression. He had succeeded in
committing the Kehukee Association to
what he knew in his soul was truth and
true Baptist usage ; but the gi-and organiza-
tion was left wounded and maimed by the
heroic treatment it was necessary to admin- lo assume
ister for its salvation. The dejected and Loured to
defeated partizans of emr had acknowl- j
edged that the reformers were the true rep- tram 01
resentatives of the Kehukee Association by hal gela°
their revolt and secession. The residue of | c j a j m to
the faithful left with the old historic body
were all the more valiant and effective from ! term, m
the fact that all discordant elements had |ates the
thus voluntarily gone off to themselves. ij n g. ene _
Men like Col. William Home were seen ' »
leaving their homes to find congenial spirits ne y sup-
in the reformed churches. Peace reigned I propor-
in all the Baptist circles of old Albemarle ; L
but a far different order of things arose in r [ ever V
the seceding churches. The wiser preachers |mists.
and laymen made their conferences stormy j> e made
with their well-founded complaints of the i *

fatal mistake made by their delegates at the r n# -^°
late Association. The peace that had been pmpera-
dearer to Rev. John Moore than even the

truth as it is in Jesus, utterly failed of its B

-»»/-* nl i nro +- inn t r\ t run Wki o£aY«.:j Vtlin lccno rt£i non HA

porated,

us, by
of

and,

Ision

done so much to bring about. Instead of
peace flowing like a river around him, like
the infatuated and mistaken Greek of old,
he had but sown a crop of dragon's teeth to
spring up and divide every church that fol- broduc
lowed his devices, until, ten years later, like Ljijgi. _
repentant prodigals, they were to return to "
the fold of love and abundance.

Elder Bur kitt had, like all his clerical
brethren in the Kehukee Association, con-
fined his duties as pastor to the single con-
gregation in Bertie. The unfortunate habit
of frittering away their usefulness on four or
more different churches had not obtained

, „. v ««-*«-. ■$ .annates ue umme. IXVli

elatine.

iny de-

pucus,

trary,

■

SECT. IV foothold in North Carolina or indeed any- 171

] where else. This system, which the later

eminent divine, the Rvv. Dr. J. 13. .J^ter, jot affected

used to denounce as "ecclesiastical polyg

amy," is one of those un scriptural irmova

tions of later days. But while Jfius confin

ing his relations to a single change, he was

not the less abundant in labors. He made

which dis
by either

Hitherl
a method
compoun
is, that m
common
to say, he
. causes,
lead and
the rnuru
of saliva,
grains wt
of the tra
not coagi

In ord<
Mr. Brar
this view
termedia
i. fig. 82,
the other
Fibres of
In about
was form
positive
va, thou j
alkali too
disposed
ate of soc
subject, I
by farthei

When
terial chi
substanc<
ter. Ne:
lation, it ;

Fibri:
mals, and

to devise a
icus in any

the gospel had not yet illumined, and thus
not even the Cumberland settlements of the
future State of Tennessee and Kentucky
were too distant for the missionary whose
home was so close down by the waters of,
the Atlantic ocean. No railways were then
in existence to bear along the Lord's mes-
senger as with the ru-h of the cvclone Not

excursions in many fields that the light of \ l " ls kind

to contain
impossible
le separate
r acetate of
ist both of
000 grains

even a lumbering stage coach had yet been iich twenty
utilized to connect the men of the western " ,
frontiers with the civilization of the east. the mucus
By means of the Watauga trail, first blazed nucus, was
out by Daniel Boone, he could reach the
"dark and bloody ground," just south of the
Ohio river, but so lugged was this highway occurred to
of the early settlers, men generally made ;ity. With
the journey on horseback. Such a journey , .

undertaken by a traveller was as full »f av 21 "

bodily perils as it was of the loneliness!'' only (see
and hardship in locomotion. Prowling-^e positives
bands of Indians from the great prairies be-
tween the Mississippi and Ohio rivers were a PP ara tus.
ever and anon gliding like phantoms through two others.
their former hunting grounds, to bear off to , coa p:ulum
captivity and death every pale faced intru-
der they could find beyond the reach of the none on the
log- forts of the white settlements. Nor were >art of sali»
the Indians of that day the only source of
danger to such men as were unwary in their
selection of lodging places, when the shades
of coming night warned them to sheek shel-
ter for the wayfarer and his steed. Cut-
throats and villains of the blackest dye not l0le ot tlns
unfrequently erected cabins on the trail for illustrated,
the special purpose of murder and robbery
of the misguided guests who listened to their
treacherous offers of hospitality. Mr. Bnr- ea *> noma-
kitt, no doubt, gave such terrors as this last transparent
but small consideration, for he well knew • . .
that men of his calling bore charmed lives
in all such dens of guilt and blood. No mur- : tive distil-
derer was so ignorant and stolid as to dream atter.
of finding money on the body of a peripa-
tetic preacher. And besides this, there was
some mysterious awe and consideration in
the hearts of the vilest of the human race
for such a man toiling on and being spent
on his mission of love and mercy. Strange
and almost miraculous tales were told of rrts of ani-
how some unseen influence would stay the . , . .
uplifted hand or ward off the be<| directed nc soluo * e

paration of
Brande is
and muri»

parts have been
from blood, by ]
ing water upon
For the purp
Mr. Hatchett o
15 days, in wat<
ing such as no\

W2 j rifle-snots from the persons or tne Tieroic T 38 *'

heralds of the Cross. One such was said to
have deliberately ventured into deadly peril fined
to carry consolation to a dying sinner who Un-
asked for his presence. He thought he was!
alone in the stillness of the night, but assas
sins lying in wait for his return reportedtents,
that a horseman rode on either side of their! •
intended victim and thus frustrated theiij Unng
purpose. he be-

10 excue puTrcIaUrt^T.r" * ..~ ~*.»~w„ v.. niuscle

were then boiled for five hours every day, during three weeks,

changing the water at each boiling ; and, finally the residue was

put into a press, and dried by the heat of a water bath.

Fibrin has the following characters.

1. It has a white colour, and is destitute of taste and smell. It
is soft and elastic, and becomes of a deeper colour, on drying.

2. It undergoes no change, when exposed to the air in a moist
state ; nor is it altered by being kept under water.

3. When heated, it contracts, and moves like a slip of horn, ex-
haling at the same time a smell of burning feathers. Exposed to
a stronger heat in close vessels, it yields water, carbonate of am-
monia, a thick heavy fetid oil, and carbonic acid, and hydro-carbu-
ret gases.' — It leaves a larger proportion of charcoal, than remains
after the decomposition either of gelatine or albumen.

4. It is insoluble in water, except by the heat of a Papin's di-
gester, and also in alcohol, ether, and oils.

5. It is readily soluble in acids. Sulphuric acid dissolves it and
acquires a deep-brown colour ; charcoal is precipitated, and ace-
tic acid is formed. Muriatic acid converts it into a green jelly.
Acetic, citric, oxalic, and tartaric acids, dissolve it ; and the solu-
tions, when concentrated, assume the appearance of jelly.

6. From acid solutions, alkalis precipitate fibrin, in flakes,
which are soluble in hot water, and which resemble gelatine in
properties.

7. Diluted nitric acid separates a larger quantity of nitrogen
gas from fibrin, than from any other animal substance. The dis-
solved portion, when concentrated by evaporation, and again dis-
solved in hot water, is precipitated by tan and nitro- muriate of tin,
and possesses, therefore, the appropriate characters of gelatine.
A larger digestion of fibrin in diluted nitric acid converts part of
it into a kind of fatty matter, which swims on the surface. This
concrete oil contains a considerable redundance of acid, from
which it may be freed, by melting it, once or twice, in water.
From the residuary nitric acid a proportion of oxalic acid may be
separated by evaporation.

SECT. IX.

smell ; it dii

boiling wate

tates. 'The

bines readily

alkaline carl

able quantit;

ed compoun

are not muc

of uric acid

ere lions fou

2. Nitric

the skin of i

and nitroge

evaporation

]y distilling

decomposei

a strong sir

deposites cl

monia. Oi

ammonia, a

3. Whei

■weight of a

but a new

drops of th

monia, wit!

tained. Ii

II. The!

ite from tti

under the

this sedim

lime, a pe

blance in I

fers chief!

having lit!

of gold of

properties

and its ex

gree que:

III. T|

Vauquel)

slow evai

appearan.i

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATU HISTORIAN.

Memoir V — Rev. Lemuel Burkitt.

CHAPTER FOUR.

The war of the Revolution was a great
interruption and obstacle to many others of
the godly laborers in the Lord's vineyard
besides Elder Lemuel Burkitt. So direful
grew the struggle in p.irts of North Carolina
that even the pitiless soul of Col. Banastre
Tarleton grew sick of such butchery as mark-
ed the forays of David Fannin, and declared in
his memoirs of the period, that another year,
such as 1781, would depopulate the State.
While the Albemarle region was almost
wholly exempt from such evils, still British
outrages at Suffolk in Virginia were so close
at hand that the alarm that was occasioned
led to the suspension of the sessions of the
Kehukee Association for several years.
Many church-members of that fold were
either in the Continental army, or they were
enrolled under the standard of Gen. Greg-
ory. It was during the^e stormy years of
blood and confusion that a great bond of
love and confidence was formed between Mr.
Burkitt and Godwin Cotton. So close was
this tie, the great preacher bought a farm
alongside that of his friend and brother in
the Lord. They were nearly the same age,
and to both the cause of the Baptist people
was paramount to all other humau affairs.
Not that either felt for a moment in any
way indifferent to the freedom of America.
On the contrary, their brightest hopes for
the emancipation of their faith were bound
up in the success of the revolted Colonies.
With the overthrow of King George's con-
trol in America, they had much reason to
believe there would come at the same time
the downfall of the Church Establishments
all over the Republic. Gen. Washington
gave noble testimony to the united and zeal-
ous support given him in his seven years of
perilous combat, and as the first President
of the United States certified to the world
how they had been alike strenuous as soldiers
in the field and in yielding loyal and unques-
tioned fealty to the revolutionary officials
in civil affairs.

When British violence and brutality to-
ward the people of Suffolk and its vicinity
had with other- reasons resulted in the sus-

179

>arts of
irecipi-
1 com-
ith the
nsider-
saturat-
u rales,
jination
le con-

^ stains
nic acid
fed. On
epeated-
i wholly
-ed ;.and
ary fluid
b of am-
iuriate of

fourth its
ric acid ;
. A few
i of am-
, are ob-
larcoal.
a depos-
diseases,
o Proust,
jsphate of
its resem-
irves, dif-
water; in
g muriate
r, that its
chemist ;
some de-

ircroy and
i which, by

> a brilliant
vegetable

ISO

blues ; is sc
which it sep
in heated al<
neutral salts
er acids. I
it precipitat
mercury, or
monia and p

IV. The
which the a
one eighth ;
ter to the re
lime combin
by oxalic ac:
state, dissoh
ence of hoi
When the a
mains pure.

This acid
tallized, anc
alkalis and <
and zinc, wi
the oxides o
semblance
proved that
thy of extra
disguise its

V. The t
sugar of mi
acid, and d:
leaving it tt
this, the lie
forms, whic

It may, a
in a stoppe
short time,
over, and t
gradually s^
The powder]
saccholactic

This acid
water. Of

soluble
1" forms
by oth-
does

»«"«"■ RTJBSTANCE8. rr . , - CHAP- XXI.

pension of the sessions of The Kehukee As-Y
sociation, the heart of Mr. Burkitt was widSJ f
owed of many of its chiefest joys. He not '*>
only pined for the presence of so many to
whom his soul was knitted. The valiant
soldiers of the Lord, who were still waging
a dubious conflict for emancipation in Vir-
ginia, as well against the ecclesiastical ty-
rants at home as the King beyond the seas, r ..
no longer met in annual conclave to concert i . '

measures with their Carolina allies. All his pits am-
many plans for missionary concert of action |
among the preachers and the churches were , # f
in complete abeyance. To that reverend k » tror *
father in the Lord, Elder McGlamre as the to about
Moderator, and to Mr. Burkitt as the Clerk, i me . wa .
the Kehukee Association had committed au- ■
thority to call another meeting whenever an " the
they should think such action prudent and cipitated
proper. For some reason now unaccounta- : muure
ble in its strangeness, the chapel of St. John " #
in Hertford county was first selected as the consist-
place where the session should be held in Solution.
October, 1782. Capt. Arthur Cotton, the
father of Mr. Burkitt's peculiar friend, as
one of the chur.h wardens of old St. John's,
had given his consent to the use of the Epis-
copal chapel, but just before the arrival of
the delegations, Col. Robert Sumner, the
other warden, made such violent objection Ives iron
to what he said would be a profanation of . with
the ancient fane, Capt. Cotton invited the '
Baptist people to his own spacious brick res-
idence. There under the shade of wide-
spreading mulberry trees, arrangements had
been made for the comfort of the delegates
and visitors. The village of St. John's and
the many farm-houses of Ahoskie Ridge
gave ample entertainment to all the many
good people who gathered there to rejoice
over the renewal of old Kehukee's power
and usefulness.

Just a year had gone by since along with
all true Americans the Baptist people of the istead of
Kehukee churches first heard the glad ti- sediment

acid re-

ng crys-
nes with

most re-
d, have
a quan-
y, which
264.)
nvdered
of nitric
On

dings of Lord Cornwallis' overthrow at ^
Yorktown. The ablest and most effective of
all the British commanders had, after a no-
ble career of victory, at last came to such g h eat a
entire defeat thai the seven years of war ye cQme
were virtually ended. We can not in our
day appreciate the feelings that actuated our
forefathers on that occasion. In our pleni-
tude of power and safety from all apprehen-
sions of invasion from foreign nations, we ^> A *
fail to remember how feeble in comparison |
were the thin settlements strung along the
Atlantic seaboard With all the conjoined
dangers of Indian and servile insurrection,

m arabic

powder
lecantedo

a in cold
| is acid,

SECT. IX.

and redden!
■with alkali
earths, forr
With potasl
cold water,
equally solu

The saccl
heat, and y
crystals. A
quantity of
rable prop

VI. Thcj
animal fat.
ton. To 1
quicklime,
towards th<
found to ha
boil them t<
separate o
This salt i:
may be sej
pose the oj
again dry, |
luted with
tained by i
itate solub

1. The
smell. It

2. Byd
partly dec

3. Itur
dissolves

4. Nitr
tic acid.

Accord
merely ac
this, how
which is i
hogs' larc
solution, ]
tate, wine
No acid i

added to the blo7>3y~w6rk~of the British sol-
diers and Tories, the wonder is that men
could be found brave enough to risk such an
aggregation of perils. But the men who
thus dared so much to be free, were not to
be balked in the line of duty by any sugges
tion of evil to come. They had an unfalter-
ing trust in the God of battles. They felt
assured of that divine protection promised
to all who, in the direst grief and danger,
put their trust in the Lord. Had they been
modern agnostics with their sneers and
doubts, they would have prated about the
maxims which tell us that God is neutral in
such human complications, and that the sole
arbitors of every conflict at arms are the
heavier battalions and larger purse of those
who may be so fortunate as find themselves
possessed of such advantages.

The war had largely circumscribed, during
its pendency, the area of Mr. Burkitt's ac-
tivity as a missionary. With the return of
peace, he put on a double portion of that
wonderful activity that was so largely char-
acteristic of the man in every portion of his
career. Like his noble compeer in grace,
Elder Silas Mercer of Halifax county, he
was no longer to be circumscribed by State
lines. No pent up Utica should longer con-
fine his powers. Strange peoples and un-
known lands were to be now visited and
thrilled by his eloquent appeals. This same
distinguished Baptist divine, the Rev. Silas
Mercer, was present at the Association of
1783. He was one of the foremost preachers
ever born in North Carolina, and the great
crowds gathered beneath the spreading trees
at Mulberry Grove were enraptured with his
splendid discourse on Sunday.

Another of the fore most American Baptist
preachers was seen and heard on the same
occasion in the person of Elder Abraham
Marshall of Georg'a. He was the son of
that Rev. Daniel Marshall whose life and
services were commemorated in the preced-
ing memoir. With broader culture and a
more finished elocution, Mr. Marshall was
even more powerful in the pulpit than his
honored father in his palmiest days. But he
or some one else brought great loss to North
Carolina by inducing Mr. Mercer to leave
our limits and make Georgia his future
home.

With the return of peice to the American
people, Mr. Burkitt was further cheered by
the continued applications of the different
revolted churches of old Kehukee, which had
gone off on a tangent at the Fills of Tar
river in 1775. Soon the vast christian broth-
erhood had with hooked shields again formed

ltl

jervescc's
Lai is and
Glaciates.
weight of
ia a salt
I solution,
■it a red-
le-shaped
isiderable
I conside-

species of
itof Guy-
ulverized
g the heat
f-d will be
of water ;
d salt will
jacic acid,
n which it
to decom-
md, when
c acid, di-
be ascer-
, a precip-

.enetrating
*cid, and is
litric acid,
ble in ace-
escribed is
Besides
:rved, ani
,t distilling
The watery
ky precipit-
in a retort .
atter in the

182

retort, there
arated, and
solves it, an

The seba;
out smell ; t
mus. Whe
saturated \vi
copiously,
lead, and ni
form soluble
barytes, or s
er temperati
it resembles
j VII. Th
sition of ani
of blood, ev
with one pai
calcined in i
the material
must be con
issues from
to be extini
mass, when
lew hours ;
the liquor, ;
ask acquire
of two parts
ing water : ;
or precipitat
boiling wate
of a quantity
sulphate of
blue colour,
heat. In xh\
consists of a
perties have

From prr
the following

Mix two o
acid, with foi
the mixture
bg frequent 1

ANIMAL SUBSTANCES. CHAP. XXI.

their phalanx of old. But the body got to |
be so huge and unwieldy that in 1790 the L e sen _.
Virginia churches withdrew and formed the .

Portsmouth Association. A year or two ply dis
later the churches around Newbern followed
this example in the formation of the Neuse
Association. These movements curtailed
the amount of Mr. Burkitt's labors as Clerk
of the Kehukee Association, but the favor of
his brethren soon more than restored the
sum of his labors by making him the histo-
rian of the great Association he so much
loved. We have only to read the chronicle
he was thus induced to prepare and compare
it with the rapid and jejune continuation by
other hands, to see how remarkable a man
he must have been. Confined by the di-
rections of the committee who had the pro-
posed history in charge to a mere skeleton
of a narrative, he yet managed to store it
with many incidents of movement and in
his terse style was always abounding in pun-
gent and pertinent observations. The little
fragment, meagre as it is in size and detail,
is still the only source from which we can
recall the Baptist movements in eastern Vir-
ginia and North Carolina for the period em-
braced in its pages. Thus as leading preacher
and man of affairs in the Kehukee Associa-
tion, besides his great role as reformer, IMr.
Burkitt had bargained out into still another
great, department of usefulness. It was thrice
fortunate for his own fame and memory
that he thus left his imperishable record ;
for great as he was without this book, we
should have but a mutilated tors), instead
of the full statue of the man. No doubt many
traditions would have handed down to after
generations dim glimpses of his power and
usefulness, but at best these would have
been vague and shadowy.

But Mr. Burkitt had great sorrow along vjjditioM
with many of his brethren that the late war
had so completely steeled the hearts of the k of the
people to any religious influences. It was eautiful
ail in vain that the most moving discourses
were delivered in the hope of a revival of
religion. It seemed, on the contrary, that
French skepticism and atheism were poison-
ing and blighting the hopes of heaven over
a large part of the new Federal Union.
France had given such noble and timely
aid to the suffering Colonies in their late
struggle that great love and gratitude was
felt by all the American people for their late
gallant allies in the bloody struggle. This
sentiment, so natural and honorable in itself,
was used by French emissaries of the infidel
v. sriiicr. tire suiuiiuii, iu.au i3 a jnussmie oi mer-

is with-
d of lit-
water
jolves it
ury and
\ it, and
)f lime,
a high-
iculars,

compo-
te parts

mixed
fh,) and
tiled by
:ination
e flame
1 likely
row the

soak a
Filter
as long
m posed
of boil-
:scence
tes with

gentle
which

Its pro-

> v.

ated by

i nitric

tnd boil

shak-

sect. I. philosophers to debauch the minds and souls
of the trusting American people. Alas ! the
task seemed but too easy when in place of
the old trust in God doubt and blasphemy
were heard all over the land in the little de-
bating clubs which were organized to spread
abroad this foreign contagion It was all in
vain for Lemuel Burkitt to expect God's
blessing on a people thus perverted aud ap-
parently undone. When the Associations
• met, there was only a meagre list of addi

only admitte) tions to the churches to be reported. He
gives these reports for a number of years,

considerably and so smali were the y tnat t0e loss b F
j death and dismission must have more than

bonic acid < countervailed such small gains. The future
of America seemed overcast with a hopeless
gloom. Men of God were on every side de-
pressed and with only one hope left. They

of exfiiratio:
pose for whi
bout twent]
quantity tak
of Messrs.
with little il

state of the
thy of oxygj

cording to t neV er forgot that " Christ is able to save to

the uttermost part of the world," and they
trusted, in* good reason, their hope would
yet be realized.

At last came tidings from Tennessee an 1
Kentucky that the Lord had visited his peo-
ple. A great pentecostal season of refresh
rnent and conviction flowed in upon the new
countries like some mighty tidal wave of
God's grace. The careless and skeptical
multitudes came flocking by thousands and
to have pre m y r j ac i s to find the Lord they had learned
er generate to doubt and neglect. The great spiritual
of that fluic rey i vai 0I 1801 and 1802 is yet one of the
wonders of our history as a nation. From
most proba <jead a p a thy and distrust of all things heav-
The onlj enly and pure, the same communities awoke
to newness of life. From the Atlantic sea-

carbonic ac
been prove
lows that a
have been i
it has unite
be doubted
the vessels

take place

tain quanti sippi, the great tide of grace rolled on, and

the substit
When, ho
Pepys ha 1
tion; but
replaced t

coast to the wilderness beyond the Missis-

America was saved from the foul embraces
of a creed which had already deluged France
in blood and ruin.

The glad tidings from the West filled the
soul of Mr. Burkitt with such joy that he
mounted his horse and set out for the thea-
tre of such glorious blessings. How, as he
of nitrogei went on his way, he found the great gather-
and oxyge 1D g s or men an d women seeking the way to
life ; and how, through both of the new
proportion StateS) te thrilled so many thousands with
may be re ( the magic of his eloquence and zeal, is yet
tution of r a nousen °ld tradition in many a family
whose ancestors found peace in his preach-
ing and prayers. He had long prayed for
the coming of the Holy Spirit in all his power,
and lo ! here was what surpassed and dwarfed
his loftiest dreams. Thus in a continuous
* Philosophical Transactions, 1808.
t, Philosophical Transactions, 1809.

consider a

edge alto

Beside

he pur-

don, a-

i be the

.riments

expired,

ng once

'ier cent.

)eatedly,
of car-
hen the
aquan-
me, ac-
, to the

jicid has
s, it fol- ,
n, must
irtion of
owever,
coats of
uppfsed
,ot rath-
i carbon
to be the

roved to
of a cer-
hed,) and

acid gas.
[\llen and
combina-

has been
j addition
hydrogen
the same
?as found,
he substi-

a fact of
jar knowl-

,s emitted

313 (;nu»T»», "nun «.-«-—.- " H ip XXM.

I round of abounding grace, Lemuel Burkitt P A
f lingered until, when duty called hirn home,
irom the he D came back with a light in his face that ' when the
atmosph had never been seen there before. He was periments,
?♦ m *,r h, iik3 Moses when he descended worn Sinai, ; '* m -,„.,,«
5 may b< the glory of the Lord had not yet ceased to > a minute -
Until lab illume his features. * ' >e generat-
ed in the »• — — - — ith the hy-
drogen of the blood ; but this hypothesis is inconsistent with the
experiments of Messrs. Allen and Pepys, which have traced the
whole of the oxygen into combination with carbon. It is proba-
bly therefore nothing more than the condensed vapour of a por-
tion of that fluid, which is ordinarily secreted into the bronchial
cells.

An important purpose of the function of respiration is, that it
contributes to that equable temperature, which the animal body
preserves, amidst all the changes in the surrounding medium.
This is peculiarly the property of living matter ; for all other
bodies have the same degree of heat with the substances that are
in contact with them. In the human body, the temperature va-
ries only a very few degrees from 96°, whether it be exposed to a*
cold of many degrees below the freezing point ; or whether it be
surrounded by an atmosphere, little short of the heat of boiling
water. There must, then, be certain processes in the animal e-
conomy, by which, in the former case, caloric is reduced from a
latent form to that of temperature ; and, in the latter case, by
which the great excess of caloric is absorbed, and prevented from
becoming injurious by its accumulation.

Though we art ignorant of those precise differences, which
constitute the distinction between venous and arterial blood, or in
what way the function of respiration converts the former into the
latter, yet a fact of considerable importance, on this subject, has
been discovered by Dr. Crawford. The capacity of arterial blood
for caloric he found to be superior to that of venous blood, in
the proportion of 1030 to 892. When, therefore, arterial blood is
Converted into venous, a considerable quantity of caloric must
pass from a latent to a free state, and must prove an abundant
source of temperature. Now this is precisely what is constantly
taking place in the body. Caloric is evolved by the combination
of the inspired oxygen with carbon ; but as the capacity of blood
for caloric is, at the same tin • , enlarged, its temperature is not
raised by being thus arterialized. In its progress through the
system, the blood again suffers a diminution of capacity ; and the
caloric, which it had carried in a latent form to the remotest ex-
tremities, is extricated, and applied to the support of animal tern-

SECT. I. |

perature,
the lungs,
imals, plac
important j
not go on j
from this s
under sue
takes placj
a loss of \|
Journal, x
It is not
mospheric
skin throu s
portion of ;
ed that the
bonic acid,
fluid trans]
Thebloj
mal econoi
a variety o
tial to our
is derived
cles, whic}
enable us
same sour
perform a
chine. TJ
orated by !
secretions}
the busine
ble to dis<i
gous to thj
in many sj
albumen,
imate elei
gone fartl
ultimate t
manner a
sis, whiclj
of the am
ble prod*

a _ j g 9

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist .-Preachers in

North Carolina. Isive in

In an-

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN. ', , ,

Memoir V — Rev. Lemuel Burkitt.

chapter five.

The treatment of historical safepsKte is
largely subject to the same rules of »8#&Sieifft}
that regulate a painting illustrative of some
event in the past. Thus we find the artist
gives prominence' of place in his grouping
and the highest lights to the chief actors in
the scene he depicts. On the same principle
in our reproduction of the Baptist past in
North Carolina, we must give Lemuel Bur-
kitt all the space and position his unequalled
services merited. It takes more space to
tell the story of such a life because it was so
much more frequent and abiding in its in-
fluence for good. He had brethren, nc doubt,
who were as zealous ' and faithful as he, but
the measure of his deeds and achievements
so far surpassed them all that comparisons
would be simply odious. Indeed with the
single exception of the great work of enlist
ing Baptist support iu the cause of Foreign
Missions and Education, he had left nothing
to be added to the completeness of his work
as a reformer. Nor was he to withhold his
aid from those other s>ps for higher useful-
ness and consecration in the individuals and
churches. He was to align himself along
side of Martin Ros«, when that great preach-
er introduced nis first memorable resolutions
into the session of the Kehukee Association
held in 1803, whereby they were exhorted to
put themselves on the same level as had
been lately witnessed among the Baptist
people of Kettering in England. Dr Carey
had gone on his way to seek the lost mil-
lions of British India, and Andrew Fuller
was left to lead his people into a proper sup-
port of the new apostle to the Gentiles.
American Baptists had manifested great in-
terest in the salvation of their Indian neigh
bors, but that they owed any duty to hea-
then nations beyond the seas had never sug-
gested itself to their minds. It required
just such leaders as Ross and Burkitt to
bring on so great proposals. Of corns-? the
old conservatives were there in force to pro-
test against the Lord's work, simply because
they and their fathers had not found it their
dutv to help in the conversion of the heathen

od does
derived
ie body
i which
:ated by
poison's

i on at-
s to the
ed in a

Icertain-
\i of car-
| watery
tus.

the ani-
>repared
;e essen-
ce blood
ie mus-
levers,
e to the
s, which
ited ma-
nes elab-
h termed
Pledge of
• were a-
s analo-
gs. But
dance to
pre prox-
ii st have
iting the
in a new
f synthc-
bstances
i vegeta-

Of the Sea
(

Saliva
the mouth,
mastication
tute of smc
Its specific
cording to
pared its c<
forty parts
fore no effe
siderably.
and, during
interval.*

Saliva, \v
ly a very sr
plates ; or,
mains, crys
air, it appe
sistence, w

There is
through wa
two fluids ti
tained, was

the

190 millions. But with two such champions (if

missions to thunder forth the defence of the
work they had embraced, the smaller na
tures were either abashed or so silence J,
that a proper circular was framed and sent
out to the churches urging them to go for-
ward in the work of the Lord.

It was remarked at the conclusion of the
last chapter that Mr. Burkitt came back
from his recent participation in the great
revival in the West in 1801 as one who bad red into
been freshly inspired and magnified in his during
office as God's ambassador to perishing men.
Never before had his voice such wondrous j» clestl "
power on lstening multitudes. It seemed t>f blue,
that some wonderful spiritual magnetism ov ac .
flowed out from his person and prostrated
the hardest hearted and most unbelieving of JJ com "
sinners. Vast crowds were in tumult of a'gum in
varying emotion as the great preacher waxed L tnere .
ever more impressive and resistless in his P
pictures of the terrors awaiting the unrep nt- [ es con-
ant death-bed With equal force, but in :he ^ daily ;
most melting appeals, the safety and beati-
tude of those who trust in Chr st's atonement
was presented as the wise alternative. His
first meeting with his Baptist people on his
return was at the Kehnkee. Association, held
that year with the church at Great Swamp
in Gates county. In a sermon he told of
the wonders of God's grace he had witnessed
in the West How in eight months more
than six thousand souls had been converted,
and how the work was still widening and
deepening as it extended over the settle
ments of the new States. The effect was
profound in its immediate and consequent
results upon the people attending the ses-
sion.
Great revivals at once began in the sur-

ymuriate of rounding churches, and the next year two
. thousand additions to the membership of

some noui ^ e con g re g a t;ions were reported to the As- i..Y .

liquid nearl sociation. As a specimen of the deep con-

striking effe cern which had taken possession of the peo- ich had

been sevenn^^^s in re i a ti n to the YalvatW' of oi S alls
precipitateq their souls, a short and exceedingly modest filtered
f. T , account from the pen of Mr. Burkitt him- [ ou i arc p s

liquoi. in g^fj^heiewith given. Says he : .

extract, and " At a Union Meeting at Parker's (Meher- nments,
Dr. Bostockrin) Meeting House in August. 1803, it was [ten, and
supposed there were four thousmd people. g e j at i ne>
also a quant , rhe weat b er proved very rainy on Sunday, p
To the quantThere was a stage erected in the meeting-
house vard, and at about half after eleven

le same

:lds on-
sparent
nly re-
to the
er con-
it.

saliva
ing the
.hus ob-
,.f Ox-
jt, after
ing the

proximation

o'clock Elder Burkitt ascended the stage to

Fourcroy, Systeme, 4to. v. 2S8.

Nicholson's Journal, xiv. 147.

sect. it. ipyeach, arid it was expected from the ap°
I pearance of the clouds it would rain every
and his ex[ moment, and before he was done preaching
a knowledc| it did so - Yet notwithstanding, the numer-
ous congregation still kept together; and al
siderably ; i though every effort was used to shun the
and someli rain by u nbrellas, carriages, blankets, etc.,
Tt * eklr y et WP De li eve one thousand people were ex-
posed to the rain without any shelter ; and
some crying, some convulsed ou the ground,
some begging the ministers to pray for them ;
and they composedly stood and received the
falling shower without ever being dis-
persed."

This was in all truth a severe test upon
Mr. Burkitt's powers in holding the atten-
tion of his congregation. Very rare have
been the instances of such unusual influence
over a mixed multitude. It proves conclu-
sively that he was inieed a great orator.
Yet those who heard him preach said that
his voice was far from being strong and so-
norous. He was of medium height, well-
formed and active in his movements So
much was he loved and trusted by people of
all creeds that in the State Convention called
to meet in Hillsboro in 1788 to consider the
propriety of adopting the new Federal Con-
stitution, he with no solicitation on his part
was chosen along with Ma j Samuel Harrell
as a delegate to represent Hertford county.
He had been so uniform in his support of
the American cause and so firm in his adhe-
sion to the «»M* democratic views of Mr.
Jefferson and his supporters, that it was
safely left to his discretion to determine for
his constituents as to what should be done
in the premises.

With increasing years beginning to warn
him of failing strength. Lemuel Burkitt,
after his return from the revival in the West,
only redoubled his previous zeal and labors
for the Lord. Though not yet an old man
so far as the lapse of years is concerned, he
was yet sensibly feeling the results of cease-
less labor. The night was close at hand
when a long rest would be his. He who
giveth his beloved sleep had one more great
work for the faithful servant, and then like
Moses on Pisgah, all the weary load of toil
and responsibility would forever be k>.\t in
to dissolv the peace of God. The famous query touch-
itate from * D § ^ e ^ nt J °^ tDe Baptist churches then
constituting the Kehukee Association as to
Foreign Missions had developed in the en-
suing years plain proofs of a wan: of uuity
'J and homogeniety as between the congrega-
but as thei tions east and w * estof a oano ke river^ While
Corrected by reducing- me proportion m 'water.

in it a cer
present in
is filtered,
emits the
fords an
This extr
are found
and phosp

All the
large quar
from each
no picrom
in human
Stances.
lowing :
Water
Yellow m!

a varia
Yellow m
Albumen
Resin
Soda
Phosphat<

riate of

The ye
that of o:
ter, but
which it
which it

195

j> accurate

jaries con-

|ih yellow,

ry bitter.

uspended
imes even

When it

thick and
iess, it af-
f the bile.
jie salts as
! sulphate,
f iron.
; from it a

separated
ite of lead,
icnt found
>a}ine sub-
Ire the fol-

If bile

* These

a trace.
2
1
5.6

4.5

similar to
; very bit-
ohol, from
talis, from
rs scarcely
n a precip-

Brande has

cueil, i. 57 ;)
wiM best fe

196

found that
soda also a
acids are c

Biliary
fers in diff
which is ri
entirely de
so much t
undergo m
ture they r
ducts, giv<
is phospha
and in ale
they are {
riatic acid
Hence the
ties identic
and of hun

The cal
tively exai
that they
kalis, and
of their di
de la Salic
cipitable,
terwards (
especially
ready des(

Of thee
formed of
pocirous.
from 88 to
substance,
their intei
blackish b
nally were
there wer
Calculi frj
the gall-bl

We maj
calculi of i
that others

COMPLEX ANIMAL PRODUCTS. r.MAP, XXII.

the ascendency of Messrs. Burkitt and Mar-
tin Ross was coo great for open opposition
to a scheme of love they both so warmly ad-
vocated, yet there were such delays in ac-
tion and such cold commendation from most
of the churches lately returned from their
temporary revolt, that the two great preach-
ers, along with Hon. George Outlaw of Ber-
tie, were convinced that if the Albemarle
Baptist churches ever expected much chris-
tian growth and development, then it was
time to sever all entangling ties with the
torpid and lifeless crowd that only hung as
an incubus on their best efforts to advance
thf c mse of the Lord and his people.

Moving on this line, petitions were sent
up from the Albemale churches to the Ke-
hukee Association as it met in session at
Meherrin in 1805 Then and there the great
body, since known as the Chowan Associa-
tion, had its origin. It was in the next year
that the first session was held, and from
t'nat day t« this the mighty results on the
one hand wrought by the new body, and the
schism, slow decay and total non-effective-
ness of tbe other, show how wise and timely
was the movement, (f Burkitt and Ross had
been gifted with such length of years as Me
thusaleh, and the leavening power of the
Chowan churches had still in the clear vis-
ion of old by sheer force of higher zeal and
faith kept this people from the ruin and
downfall of 1827, it would have been accom-
plished at great cost. Not only would many
a noble step taken in reaching a higher
plane of usefulness been checked and re-
tarded by the crowd who could see nothing
good beyond what was practiced by their
fathers, but the wear and tear of souls thus
chained to a body of death would have real
ized something of the Apostle's torture when
he cried out in his anguish as to who should
deliver him from such tribulation. There is
no curse greater to any christian sect than
churches which are so lifeless and avaricious,
that they were ever found as stumbling
blocks in the way of others who are anxious
to give themselves and their means to the
Lord's cause. The human heart is never so
cunning and remorseless as when framing
excuses for withholding any bestewal of its
hoarded treasures. Men who are apparentlv
godly in other respects, find their shibboleth
on such an occasion. With all their sighs,
groans and loud prayers in public, they find
it impossible to part with that accursed gold
that has stolen their souls from the Master.

Elder Burkitt had planted a new church

e, where
hosphoric

stions dif-
js of bile,
i they are
yellow of
It. They

tempera-
iimal pro-
ter which

in water
am which
iling mu-
zm green,
s proper-
: of oxen,

>re atten-*
tig known
at the al-
3n. One
'oulletier
, and pre-
urcroy af-
hem, and
s been al-

iber were
tirely adi-
*, besides
colouring
yellow in
5t, with a
but inter-
tly white,
water —
p those of

ne of the

icire ; and

addition

SECT. III.

of a quantil
brown. \\
the yellow
same subst;

The mill
Mammalia 1
considerablj
the followini

It is an oj
tinge of blu;
varies occas
iraal. Its sj
ing to Briss,

The milk
gents that d
to three pro
. 1. The C!
ter it has st<j
an oil ; is si
the same mi
days, it becq
ih which th<
cheese is su

When en
churning, it
by the nami
same prope
This chang(
the cream w
though pert
excluded.

Butter hi
At the temj
state for soi
it ; its trans
time render
kept longer
it is in part

at Potecasi, but, it was Dot organized until
the year after his death. He saw the Chowan
Association move off on that noble and illus-
trious career which, under God's providence,
has resulted in so many blessings to the
Baptists of the whole State. He served as
its Clerk for the two years he was spared to

his people, but his long service in the sime
capacity in the old Kehukee made his soul
still yearn f( r the presence and companion-
ship of m^y that he loved very tenderly.
It was thus that he Diiteaa no session of the
venerable mother of *1 many Associations.
The greetings were as warm as of old, and
on Sunday the great crowds of people lis-
tened with a strange awe and delight to a
preacher they had long thought the greatest
in the world, and yet here he was aflame
with a strange light in his eyes, and his
voice thrilled with a burden it never bore
before. Overflowing with the greatness of
the issues at stake and the shortness of his
time in this world, he would descend with
streaming eyes from the pulpit, and, falling
on his knees, he would rlpseeen his hearers
t > be reconciled to God.

The premonition of coming death was one
of the strangest incidents in the life of this
extraordinary man. He was but fifty-seven
years old and apparently- n health, but the
inner voice was repeating ever ""and anon,
'•Labor while it is vet day, for the night
cometh wherein no man can labor. 1 ' The
event abundantly justified the correctness of
these mysterious premonitions. He was
preaching in July, 1807, when in the midst
of his discourse he. was seized bj r an ague.
The end sure enough had come at last.
They bore him in much love and tender-
ness to his humble home and were soon to
bear him to his grave. Like Charles II., he
never rallied from the fatal effects of those
awful chills that slew so many thousands
before the world and the doctors had learned
the value of quinine.

Thus passed from the theatre of his use-
fulness a most richly and variously gifted
man. In thirty years he had managed to
bring about larger and more lasting improve-
ments in the eastern Baptist people than all
his predecessors had been able to accomplish
in the century preceding. He was not one
of those men who was great on a single line
of human excellence. He was no more elo-
quent or successful in the pulpit than he was
deep and accurate in his theological stores.
With a strong bias to -p*wt.ieal- fancies, he
could yet make as deep and subtle an analy-
sis of any chain of reasoning as if the im-
passioned images of his vision never led to

197

i or dark
fer from
o be the

the class
differing
dmits of

| a slight
jful; but
jf the an»
| accord-
1)40.

jtly by a-
nents in-

milk af>
erties of
cloth in
or some
)ft solid,
i that of

ocess of-
1 known
ctly the
cream,
lation of
•s place,
te air is

istence.
t in this
te from
ie same
may be
.ble that
mtcs to

&<lK

Csl

the prcserv
as an anima
When mi
certain sub
it undergoes
separation i
whey. Thi
acids, and b
etable juices
of the inner
lation by ac
form, with t
solution tha
always to co
been produc

isidered

ed with
iS sour* 1

iprecipi-

pat they
later for
is found
tion has

i such rapturous flights in his oratory. His W.
greatest usefulness after ah were the per-
sonal magnetism and tact (hat enabled hitn
to win all hearts and then ^eep them in
spite of the fact that he was so often
brought in temporary Antagonism with such
friends as he pressed on his way as a re-
former of abuses. It was seen and known u in
that though only thr. Cier^ sf the Assqcia rb
tion, yet it was' Lemuel Burkitt's will and jd called
schemes that were the rule of all the great ',; by all
christian body. Yet no one ever resented or L. -

denounced this powerful control exercised ;.b

by a subordinate "officer. It was accepted lniusion
as a matter of cour.-e and the reformer was
thus left to go on his way rejoicing. But
these and all things else earthly were be-
come things of the past when the Rev. Aa-
ron Spivey as the preacher of the funeral
sermon, and his sorrowing brethren far and
near, gathered to bury his remains out of
human sight. " A great man and a prince Jmnot be

thus account in Israel' - bad fallen in his armor. He had ! Thus
, . r . served long and nobly, and in dying had left ;

the infusion QOt Ms Hke in all the land so abundantly >n half a

crown, coagi blessed by his life and labors. cheese

of sixty pou — -» JL - „_ ^ MMtJ ^x vwwgiHiaMa

matter cannot in this case exceed a few grains. > Yi

The curd of milk^ when pressed, salted, and partly dried, 'com-
poses cheese. In good cheese, however, there is always a large
proportion of butter, which is enveloped in the curd, and is not
afterwards easily separable. Curd, therefore, for exhibiting its
chemical properties, should be prepared from milk, which has
been deprived of cream, and should be made by the intervention
of rennet. It is a white solid substance, insoluble in water and in
alcohol, but readily soluble in pure alkalis, and precipitable there-
from by acids, though in a state more like tallow than the original
curd. During solution in alkalis, a strong smell of ammonia is
produced ; and hence curd appears to be converted, by their ac-
tion, into volatile alkali and fat. Liquid ammonia also dissolves
curd ; and it appears to be soluble by the pure alkaline earths.
From the resemblance of its properties to those of the coagulated
white of an egg, Scheele was induced to regard cheese as identi-
cal with albumen ; and it is not improbable that if the curd could
be obtained perfectly pure, their properties would exactly agree.
By the combustion and calcination of curd, it appears, however,
to afford a larger proportion of phosphate of lime and other sa- 1
line substances, than is obtained from the coagulated white of ati

* 'Es'^ays, p. 267. ■ -1" Holland's Cheshire Report, p. 263.

SECT. V.

■ ' I

water, a ni
ed, resemb!
the weight!
action of til
and to the
bonate of
section on

From th
may be se]
hoi, and d
rated. Its
stated, by
or one hali
tains a nui!
muriate of
Muriate oi
along with
separated j
riates, at ai
is to be rl
cold, depo
are the ph«
of phospha

Along w!
up by the
shown, by
in muriatic
benzoic ac
that of hert
worth exti
forms abou

Albumei
xiable prop
tempeiatu)
This is in ]
resulting i
coagulated
dissolve th
albumen is
by heat an

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina,

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir VI— KeV. Martin Ress

CHAPTER ONE.

"The kingdom of God cometh not with
observation " was the declaration of our
Lord. There were myriads of men in many
different lands waiting and watching for the
signs which were to disclose the advent of
the long expected Messiah, yet the star of
Bethlehem was an unheeded signal to all
save the three wise men of the east and the
humble shepherds of the srord*^.-piain^ The
Pharisee, set and rooted in the nes-t- df"~hts
own preconceptions of the pomp and splen-
dor necessarily attendant upon an eveut so
august and potent in human affairs, dis-
dained the thought that the King of the
Jews could be identified with the puling
baby, making his entrance upon life in the
cattle stalls of a -vil'age inn. It was the
same incredulity that led this sect thirty
years later to mock at all the miracles of a
Saviour who had been so long known as a
village carpenter. A great feature in Christ's
visit to this world seems to have been to
mortify and banish from the hearts of his
people all such vain and selfish expectations.
We often find the true successors and repre-
sentatives of these ancient self- deceivers in
persons who have fixed up in their minds
the way they will find release from their
consciousness of sin and want of acceptance
with God. Some expect to be converted by
some manifestation from heaven almost as
miraculous as that by whic'a Saul of Tarsus
was arrested on his bloody errand to Damas-
cus. Others more reasonable await less sig-
nificant manifestations on the part of the
Holy Spirit, but with all their evident thirst
for deliverance, we invariably find that such
people are the last to be blest in the richest
seasons of revival. But let us be thankful
that not even stupidity and obstinacy are
proof against the infinite mercy which sees
and pities our poor human frailty. " If any
man thirst let him come unto me and drink,"
cried the Lord Jesus to the listening multi-
tudes, and so says he to-day even to men
and women who would dictate the manner
and style of their receiving pardon from the
' urts of heaven.

swumcs ucr yjinmie, ixix. oil,

265

• deposit-
Df £ or *
d by the
n urine ;
the car-
(see the

led urea,,
vith alco-
ly evapo-
has been
he urine,
idue con-
f potash,
ammonia,
dissolved,
of being-
The mu-
le, which
>n, when
which
onsisting

io, taken
2 may be

pouring
onsists of
1 ; but in

as to be
in that it

very va-
e boiling
ns in it.
ammonia
contains
c acid to
portion of
tion both
fusion of

206

galls, by a
shank, to ■.

Sulphur
serves, blai
are detach
hydrogen i
been kept

The san
sred carbo
arise from
however, tl
eompositio
source, ah
by Proust
By the dec
and this, i
would doul
ence of th
quently ha
adding rau
thus indicr

The ace
had discov
they were
which he (
not a little
fresh extrt
ter by dilu
grow thick
acid being
produced 1

The pul
somewhat i,
urea, whicl
nate of am
precipitate
uniting wit
settles in v
salt is the
large a par
contained i
deposited,

COMPLEX ANIMAL PRODUCTS. CftAP. XXII.

Such a line of thought was suggested by
the- life and conversion of Martin Ross,
whose career in this world will form the
subject of this memoir. A lad born in se-
clusion and comparative poverty amid the
dense swamps which then fringed both
banks of the Roanoke river, and then at the
earliest moment of his fitness for military phuretted
life going off to mingle in the carnage and which has
confusion of contending armies, would ap-
pear to have slight prospect of usefulness in
the future, so far as christian beneficence id discov*

Cruick-

d, he ob-
nd scales

was. concerned. His alternations of labor on
his father's farm near Williamston, and then
months of toil, exposure and evil connec-
tions amid the net fishermen, of the Roan-
oke, were a poor school of morals at best,
but counted as nothing when contrasted

les which
tie doubtp
m the de-
the same.

with the countless temptations and sinful *ie, found

examples encountered in armies so largely
composed of French infidels and atheists.
Yet a youth thus exposed to so many dan-
gers of soul and body was, by the help of , in urine,
God, not only to survive the perils of the 3na i p res ,
battle-field, bui almost immediately on his
return to his old home, he found the pearl
of great price.

We have in the life of Rev. Reuben Ross,
a brother of Martin, a vivid picture of the
old Ross homestead and of life on the Roan-
ake in those far off days. It seems that one
William Ross had come as the first of the
name, and made his home on the same farm
near Williamston. He left a son, also named
William, who was born Aug. 9th, 1731.
Nine other boys and girls, beside Martin,
made full the quiver of this pious and pro-
lific old man, the second Wm. Ross. He jhous mat-
was a member of Skewarkey Baptist church, - mn j nc . f
and held with unquestioning faith all the ' ' °
extremest Calvinistic teachings and deduc- j excess of
tions on the subject of predestination. It resin thus
would be amusing if so much that is tragic .
and ruinous did not mingle with the story,
to tell to what lengths these well-meaning I changes,

„ : — .. :*~ aJ^XHn-i^ The

people carried their deductions of the fact
that God has foreknowledge and control in
human affairs. That men had at the same
time been ieft in possession of their own
wills in such matters, was as entirely ig-
nored as if Christ had never taught the
truth, that men are free to accept or reject
his terms of mercy. With a fatalism that
would astound even a Saracen dervish, these titutes so
ultra Calvinists said it was "love's labor
lost" to teach the way of life to their chil-
dren. If they were of the true elect, then it
was, they said, forestalling the work of .the j
Holy Spirit to be thus attempting to save a j

een kept,
formed ;

for it fre-
brmed by
itic acid ;

agined he
sing, that
processes
y urine is
istilling a

to carbo-

:ids, and

mmonia,

t, which

1. This

gelatine
lakes are
c acid is

SECT. V.

generated
sarbonate of
appear, thei'
putrefaction

Some in?
shank, resp
ent diseases
by heat and
blood. Wlj
the liver, thi
small in que
portion of pi'
In inflamma
albumen. I
deposited a
nute quantit]
and some p<
of jaundiced;
discoverable!
was remark]
had scarce^

The com
classes of ai
of all anima
uric acid is
•which conti
That of the
milky afterj
bonate of liij
of magnesia
urine of thj
holds in soil
potash. — TI
the same pa
Vauquelin,

Urinary
that of the c
occasion a (
remedy. I
tion, till thd
ny other su
towards ace

vessel perhaps ccKisfgnecl'to" eternal wratli
from the foundation of the world. Thus be-
yond regular family worship there was
scarcely a semblance of effort to mould and
direct the moral growth of their owu off-
spring. They weie left to follow their own
devices as to how they should spend Sun-
days It was a matter of small concern to
old Mr. Ross, and men of his ilk, that his
boys forgot that the Sabbath was not to be
profaned. If they drank too much apple
brandy on these Sunday frolics, it was set
down a> only an incident of youth and in-
discretion which would be all forgiven
when, in his own good time. God should
call the prodigal from the error of his ways.
The Ross family lived just east of the
town of Williamston on a farm then known
as the "Islands." It was so situated that
great advantages were obtained as to rear
ing and fattening live stock. William Ross
found that the rich bottom lands of the Ro-
anoke were a mine of wealth in their many
sources of food for both hogs and neat c ittle.
The never failing supply of reed forage and
the great crops of acorns and other kinds of
mast sustained his cattle and hogs of them-
selves, and corn was only used to keep them
gentle and mindful of human help. A low,
rambling house built around a large central
room, with a huge, wide spreading mulberry
tree shading the front door, were the chief
elements in the rural landscape containing
the old Ross homestead. In that humble
and unpretending home of simple, homely
abundance were to be reared three ministers
of the gospel. Two of them, Martin and Reu-
ben Ross, were to attain great usefulness and
influence in their separate fields of labor,
while their brother James, in an humbler
sphere, was to be no less zealous and useful.
That so many of William Ross's sons thus
became so useful in God's service, shows
hjw much more pregnant and convincing is
a pure and consistent christian's life than
oceans of advice and admonition, wanting
the proper sanctions of sincerity in the mon-
itor. It is breath wasted for an inconsistent
parent to talk morality to a boy who is
aware of how such things fail to influence
the life of him who thus essays to show the
way to holiness. The father who dogma-
tizes and utters loud prayers all the week
and still can not visit the stores on Saturday
without getting fuddled with bad whiskey,
rather disgusts than edifies the boys he
would seek to influence for good. Old Mr.
William Ross took just the opposite course.
He walked close with God and let his exam-
ple alone plead with the youths he loved and

i 207

ate and
osphate
i by the

Cruick-
11 differ-
npletely
i of the

state of
d to be
iderable
Proust.)
led with
le urine

ery mi-
of lime ?

e urine
hich was

1 urine
intSj but

different
he urine

but the
urine of
oic acid,
ecoming
n of car-
rbonates
e. The
dc acid,
jriate of
through
:roy and
cid.

urine is
id which
s and its
omposi-
> on ma-
lit steps

acid in

208

one of tl
urine, h«
tained, r
most ab!
and Vai
state th;
lus wert
less dist
plicity v
experiro
the Nat;
belongs
The
than th<j
substanj
sufficier
moniac(
animal 1
ingredh
but, in t
is in ra
these si
nance oi
characte
signed,
trived.
which t
In these
been att
ic distin
of arran;

I. Ca

II. C;
phospha

III. C
and

iv. <j

oxalate
I. Tli
•ccurre:

* Se
7A1

yet only aided as to council, in his prayers
made in their hearing, that God would yet
iu his own good time give them "the peace
that passeth understanding."

Martin Ross no doubt pondered long and
well over those weighty questions touching
providence, free-will and that soul fatalism
he saw overshadowing the life of his honored
father. His strong, natural affections in
earlier years might lead him to accept as
true any gloss, however monstrous and in-
credible, that he got from William Ross;
but that keen, undaunted intelligence that
was in late years to make him immortal,
earlj 7 began to question many of the deduc-
tions made by the fatalists in their pretended
amplification of Paul and Calvin's teaching
on the subject. When in the stress of the
Revolutionary war, Mr. Ross had sent Mar-
tin to join his twj older brothers, John and
William, on the tented field, the future ora-
tor and divine found a new school of lasting
impressiveness. His ideas and emotions
hitherto had been colored only by the hints
he received at the old-field school and in the
godly lives of his parents. In the army he
found every day experiences showing the
contrasts of strength and weakness in hu-
man character. He saw men grown to be
veterans in the ranks who yet trembled and
sought every means to avoid going into ac-
tual battle. On tte other hand were a mul-
titude that would be grieved and shamed if
accident kept them back from the post of
duty on such an occasion. He saw these
same men freely volunteering to make up a
forlorn hope, whenever their commander
thought so bloody and dangerous a resort
should be used against the insolent foe. He
heard all shades of ecclesiastical teaching
mooted and discussed around the winter
camp fires and much to weaken his faith in
Calvinistic fatalism. The Methodist chap-
lains and the reformed Baptists never grew
weary in expatiating on the love and mercy
of Christ for all our race. Tnat his atone-
ment was for all conditions and tribes, and
that peace awaited every weary and heavy-
laden soul that would really accept of Je-
sus. Such great Baptist preachers as John
^anOrJqhn Leland and Jeremiah Walker in
-"their, addresses to the troops preached a re-
ligion so much broader and more merciful
thaii,the ^rpn-clad tenets Martin Ross had
b88n r Uiearing at Skewarkey, that his soul
acquired a breadth of love and faith in the
world-wide mercy of God that could never
again cramp itself into the gloomy and hope-
less fatalism of his parents.

When happily in 1781 the young soldier at

pHAP. xxif-

he ordinary
since ascer-
ts have been
of Fourcroy

fiowever, to
es of calcu-
hemoir, not
by the sim-
erwards the
nunicated to
questionably

is numerous
;>e the only
this sort, is
llime ; am-
ex ; and an
o the earthy
te of lime; t
lority which
f that any of
ie predomi-
its peculiar
ould be as-
e been con-
lree genera,
'lve species,
fences have
Is for specif-
ery purpose
g heads :

D-magnesiaa
late of lime;

bperty from

if very rare

the charac-

SECT. VIll

branes con
quantity o
them. By
earthy mat

The sea
compositioi
are more n<
of alternate

The skin
on the outs
of blood ve:
Between th
called rete

1. The
separated f
Hot soluble
centrated t(
kalis howe\

/ agulated al
tinge from

2. Thee
number of
considerabl
water entir
jnates on c(
Verted into

The true
tine ; but u
water. It i
two imports
ception of t
. 3. Of th
the skin, or
continued a
in the negr

Hair has
lin. He ef
pin's diges
quired, ho\
was decomi
oil, and sulj
ftortof biturr

vol. ii.

contrary,
jomposed

embrane

one, full

nsibility.

ubstance

, is best

it. It is

itly con-

the age of nineteen years returned in peace
and safety to his home on the Roanoke, both .
his own soul and those of the family went ! P°suecl a
out in gratitude to that protecting provi • dissolve
dence which had not only shielded him from port j on f
death in battle, but had brought him back l
without wounds or any of the diseases that
wreck so many strong men in camp and chemical
hospital. He had not as yet made any open
profession of religion, but the matter was
not to be much longer deferred. Befoie the
year was out, he was baptized as a member
of Skewarkey church. There, young as he
was, the congregation were edified and as-
tonished at the mingled grace and power of
his modest ^n^^shtrrt addresses in confer-
ence. He soon yielded to his impressions of
duty and requested the church to give him
license to preach the gospel! They not only
did this, but at an astonishingly early pe-
riod in his life and ministry called him as
their pastor.

In the thick veil of oblivion which Mes for-
ever hidden away from all human knowl-
edge so much of the lives and transactions ne * A *"
of even of the greatest, men -in North Caro- with co=
lina, we have lost all the details of how Mar- a yellow
tin Ross, under so many disadvantages, yet !
made himself the great pfeacher of after j
years. We are left to imagine how the jists of a
strong native intelligence was alternately [ j .
exalted and then grew almost desperate in j
his struggles for more light. It was vain to jOilmg in
seek aid of the illiterate brethren he met in ih welat-
Union Meetings ; they could not venture in i,.
exegesis beyond the plainest of bea'en paths \ Y con *
in their limited field of Bible construction.
Some had read Dr. Gill's opinions on some f » e i a „
of the deep things in Scripture, but as a , f .
rule not even so great a Baptist authority "Uhle in
as the eminent English commentator was mals for
known to men who set themselves up as the „ t u e *„
spiritual guides of a people almost perishing .*.
for want of higher light and knowledge. ue *
Such perfunctory guidance of his people it part of
could not for a moment satisfy the con- s , ,
science of Martin Ross. His clear, unclouded Jm ** Ion S
vision saw all the defects in himself and hkound that
older brethren who were trying to break the
bread of life to the still more ignorant peo- v
pie. With great wrestling in prayer and Vauc l ue °
close study of every literary aid in his reach, ng a Pa-
the rich natural endowments soon began to
show increased lustre as the result. A won-
derful young preacher, they said one and all,
as the speaker warmed up into enthusiasm in
the progress of his discourse. A flowing and
yet severely logical style c Vl>r°aching was
the charm that delighted, and at the same
28

ture re-
the hair
eumatic
tained a
that ©f

218 .'. " n ""-»r AWFMAL PRODUCTS. OHAP. XXII*

time convinced such multitudes of their
u l • *u- 1 s P iritual needs. It was an elocution that
the hair whicl grew m0 re finished and powerful as the ora
solution was ] tor waxed greater in know ledge and experi-
acid ; but did e *? ee - And thus he went on from one degree
. . ,. or grace and strength unto another until

cipitate, whic all eastern Carolina was ringing with h fe
was precipita. praises.

U, the

iriatic
a pre-
iSilver
Id of a

brown. ~ ~- — »— — — =— —

A diluted solution of potash dissolved hair, excepting a little
oil, sulphur, and iron ; and the compound was a sort of soap.
The oil, if red hair was employed, had a yellow tinge. Alcohol,
also, extracted from hair a portion of oil, the colour of which va-
ried with that of the hair.

The coal, obtained by incinerating hair, afforded phosphate, sul-
phate, and carbonate of lime, muriate of soda, silex, magnesia, and
oxides of iron and manganese. The whole of these substances
bore a very small proportion to the hair, and varied in hair of dif-
ferent colours. Hair, therefore, appears to consist chiefly of an
animal matter resembling coagulated albumen \. of an oil of vari-
ous colours ; of sulphur, silex, carbonate and phosphate of lime ;
and oxides of iron and manganese. ^

Feathers probably agree in composition with hair. The quill, •
Mr. Hatchett has shown, consists of coagulated albumen without
any gelatine.

The composition of wool is not accurately known ; but from its
forming a soap with pure alkalis, it probably consists of coagulat-
ed albumen.

We are equally ignorant of the true- nature of silk. It is inso-
luble both ih water and in alcohol, but dissolves in pure alkalis
and acids. By the action of nitric acid it affords the peculiar
substance already described under the name of the bitter prin-
ciple.

SECTION IX.

Of the Substance of the Brain.

The medullary matter of the brain and nervous system appear*
to differ from all other organized substances. It was first exam-
ined by M. Thouret, with a view to explain why the brain was
exempted from the change, observed in the bodies which were
interred in the Cimetiere des Innocens. Fourcroy afterwards add-
ed many important facts, and corrected M. Thouret in several
particulars.

The medullary substance of the brain is of a soft consistence,

SfXT. IX. '

and forms, wh
es through th<
perature of 1 £
men is separa
but the coag'
takes place fi
alcohol, it lo:
tibn, which h
the form of Is
are obtained
cire ; but dif
temperature
mains in solu
ter or by eva]

The medul
goes spontani
passes to the
time without
effects upon i
separated; b
of carbonate <
in the retort.

Diluted sul
another part,
ed by evaporf
are formed yi
salt, sulphate:
phates cf sods

When braij
agulates and I
increased, am

acid formed a

A portion of c
hydrogen gas*
affords traces

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina,

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir VI — Rev. Martin Ross.

CHAPTER TWO.

The Rev. Martin Ross did not at once leap
into that leadership and control of religious
affairs, as was seen in his great friend and
cotemporary, Lemuel Burkitt. His early
opportunity for social and literary culture
had been inferior to that youth's, reared in
the superior wealth and refinement of Cho-
wan county. It was thus several years after
Martin Ross had begun his career as a min-
ister of the gospel before we find any men-
tion of him in the history of the Kehukee
Association. But this modest and proper
delay on his part in assuming a leading part
among the preachers and laymen of so great
a body only enhanced his power, when after
years of patient observation and preparation
he made known the mighty resources of his
mind and soul in the great Baptist conclave.
Burkitt saw with much delight that here
was a debater as skilful as himself in all the
resources of synthetic and analytic treat-
ment of the most exalted and abstruse prob
lems of theology. He further recognized in
the flowing and magnetic elocution, the so-
norous tones, the pleading eyes and sympa-
thetic bodily movements, elements of power
that surpassed even hi3 own resources in
such respects. That another great religious
orator had come to share his honors and in-
fluence gave the true man of God never a
twinge of jealousy or uneasiness. He loved
the cause to which he had devoted his life
too deeply for any such sinful and unmanly
feelings to find lodgment in his heart. He
and Martin Ross, on the contrary, became
loving yokefellows in the same great lines
of development and progress for the Baptist
people. In all the efforts for advance and
higher living among the Lord's people these
two were ever found with interlocking
shields pressing resistlessly on against the
advocates of discord and delay. Mr. Ross,
like other Baptist preachers of his day and
generation, was largely given to making
preaching excursions in the different outly-
ing sections of country, that were still near
enough to enable him to reach home in time

219.

it pas.s-
a tem-
| albu-
acids ;
which
d with
le por-
ling in
| which
adipo-
higher
ch re-
of wa-

under-
fore it,
a long
i same
gen is
lantity
found

ulates
ntrat-
rystals
:s this
phos-

it co-
ie at is
rbonic
jnonia-
[retted
which

i»i»ECTIO

1 HE

of mineral
of chemic
ance with
substance
essential t
terminatk
Such min
periments
general k
assist in d
not attenv
shall only-
insight in
constituei
in genen
Before
proper to
ly its phy
bourhood
specting i
be stated
a rainy o
Carefully
inquired !
ities of ta
certained
may be fc
a known
v.hh the a

for his regular appofnfmeats at Skewarkey.
Some of these trips were doubly blessed.
Both the missionary and the people were the
better for his visitations. To the compara-
tively rich and cultured denizens of the
counties lying between Chowan river and the
Atlantic, Martin Ross seemed a gift from
heaven. They always heard him gladly,
and hundreds found the pearl of great price
under his ministry. Many of the wealthiest
and exclusive families that had looked with
disdain on Baptist preachers and their doc-
trines were at last seen humbling them-
selves before the Lord and casting their fu-
ture lots with their despised neighbors.

f n such a community Mr. Ross found that
the Baptists were quite a different people
from the gloomy and iron clad fatalists he
was vainly seeking to lead into a more lov-
ing and gracious estimate of their Creator.
While fully agreeing with the old Baptist
tenet as to predestination as a necessary
part of God's foreknowledge, he yet remem-
bered the fulness of our Lord's offers of
mercy to every one who would come and
drink of the waters of life. He could not
set down as unmeaning so many of those
gracious and unlimited offers of the Master,
simply because the Apostle Paul, in the
course of his argument, had asserted that
God, from the beginning of the world, had
foreseen who would be saved. It seems a
monstrous perversion of the whole tenor of
our Saviour's career of loving benefactions
and continual forgiveness of injuries and
sins, that he should in advance decree the
damnation of the least of his creatures. But
it was all in vain that Martin Ross reminded
his Skewarkey people of the fact that free
will was left to every human creature, and
it was thus the fault of the negligent and
not that of God that men found no mercy at
his hands. This church, with those at Ke-
hukee and the Falls of Tar River, were the
centres of the baleful hyper-Calvinistic fa-
talism. They rolled this doctrine as a sweet
uc coniems 01 me wa'fr: me m-.n'- • •■ ■■■■- >
morsel u ir their tongues, and felt much
of the o] Pharisee sentiment of contempt
for all vv were not numbered among the
elect of 1.

It must have been a painful task for Mr.
Ross to sunder his pastoral tits with the
people he had known from infancy, and who
had bestowed on him so many touching
marks of their love and confidence. He had
found peace and been baptized in -this very
fold. These people had been swift to per-
ceive and encourage his gifts as a young
preacher. His stern but faithful father had

MINERAL

iters, and

It subjects

acquaint-

s class of

therefore

ninute de-

of bodies.

i the ex-

of life ; a

lffkientto'

I shall

alysis, but

afford an

ion, of the

substances

jater, it is
I attentive-
the neigh-
Blions re-
ear should
ether after
? must be
ie quantity
isible qual-
ao best a$-
" the water
containing
ture, filled
rature. It

SECT. I.

case, sulpha
40.)

3. Baryte
der.

4. Nitricj
little water)
composed :
monia, be 1
distinguish!
appearance^

These aci
cations as tt
recommend
that contain
sulphurette
sues on add
latter, a sli^
becomes lej
cipitate of a
that this is (

The oxal
rates from !

1. If a
milky on a(
air through
we may infe
found pure

2. If the
boiling, the

3. Ifafte
any of their
casioninga;
acids deconj
lime, prevej
88.)

The oxa

formed by s

a solution o
vo£. II.

died in the same fold in 1801. But with all
these things to sadden him, Martin Ross felt
in his soul that his work was to lie elsewhere
in the future. Influences beyond his or any
other human sagacity had tied up and cir-
cumscribed his influence in such a way at
Skewarkey that he was forced to the conclu-
sion that some new man should take the
place he held. It was thus that the great
preacher at last freed himself of the last in-
cumbrance upon his soaring spirit. Passing
over the broad waters that divided old Al-
bemarle from the more western settlements,
he went to the church at Yeoppim. It was
almost like entering upon a new and higher
stage of existence. The strong man in all
his genius and power felt how much stronger
he grew with a multitude of sympathetic
souls sharing in his glorious aspirations for
a day of better things among the Baptist
people.

Burkitt and his allies had done great
things for the churches, but there was still
pressing need for advance along other lines.
Not a letter or a delegate had ever been seen
at the Kehukee from Sandy Creek or any of
the Associations that once formed a part of
her constituency. There was not even the
semblance of fraternity, much less any con-
cert of action, between the great bodies of
Baptists thus enrolled in separate and al-
most hostile camps. With that keen, natural
sagacity, which was one of Martin Ross's
leading features of mind, he selected the re-
cent extension of missionary work to foreign
fields as the lever to lift the discordant divis-
ions of his people into unity and fellowship,
though all Christendom was ringing with
conflicting comments upon the great work
undertaken by Dr. William Carey. Though
a great impulse was pervading myriads of
christian souls in different lands, as yet no
man had gone from America to aid the brave
and godly Englishman who, in despite of so
many opposing influences, had yet begun
the work of saving the souls of men and
women "sitting in the region and shadow
of death." While all Baptist traditions and
records showed how, in spite of the most
cruel and bloody laws to the contrary, the
old preachers had passed from land to land,
and though often impiisoned and burnt
at the stake, these heralds ofg the Cross
were still found faithfully prosecuting the
work. In Anitfica there were not only the
heathen Indians but many outlying settle-
ments in the wilderness to tax the best ener-
gies and resources of a poor people in the
work of their evangelization. As so much
was yet to be done at home in America, the
29

225
aljxviih

ite povr-

in very
are de-
ure am-
ar. For
;e of this

me indi-
jias been
waters
rain only
itate en-
■ ; in the
ie water
ss a pre-
?ncludes

it sepa-

become
blowing
iss tube,,
yet been

lot after
i.

xcess of
from oc-
ist- some
xalate of
rs, page

3asily be
.alia with
tion, and

2£fi other dusky and almond-eyed races swarm-

I ing on the opposite side of the world, had

are orefef not eQ t ei ' e d at a ^ m tne matter of their con-

P victions of duty. But the Lord was opening

these oxa the eyes and hearts of his people to the fact

atic or nil of the universal brotherhood of mankind,

ted an( ^ M artm Ross was the first man in North

satura j Q aro i ma % ur g e U p 0n hi s people their duty

itation wi in helping to send the gospel even to the far-

The qv on " Asiatic multitudes.

» It was thus that we find in the session of

by nrst c, the Kehukee Association in 1803 that the

into a ca{ matter was brought to an open issue by the

cid, by

of oxalat

Thefl

a most d

following query offered by the Rev. Martin
Ross, "Is not the Kehukee Association, with

Accordir a \[ h er numerous and respectable friends,
called on in Providence, in some way to step
forward in support of that missionary spirit
which the great God is so wonderfully re-
viving amongst the different denominations

bonate oi °* good men in various parts of the world ?"
Let it be remembered that Martin Ross,

serving tl Dorn an( j re ared in the darkest haunts of
fatalism, was yet the man to take such
ground nine years before Judson and Rice
had started to India. Of course, so impor-

1. Th< tant and exciting a matter was bound, under
whether all the rules and precedents of old Kehukee,

• { . to undergo many ordeals before reaching
. " \ anything like approval from the Associa-
present i tion. Mr. Moderator, the Rev. Jesse Read,
being di-J' e ^ errea ^ the whole matter to a very select

committee, including the leading ministers
tate so rr f t ^ e DOC jy ) w ith instructions to report at
very pre the next annual meeting their impressions
the coloi on q J? subject.

This was the beginning of a great work in
recedes Baptist circles in North Carolina. Its first
ed earth effect was a prodigious stirring up of the dry

• bones in the congregations beyond the Ro-
anoke. Here was another step in advance

ly be gn proposed as to the Lord's work, and that

2. Pu was enough to set all the old-fashioned con-

servatives in solid opposition. The Associa-
monia, ^ tiQQ ^ held ftt Menerrin in 1804) not on i y an _

dissolve swered the query in the affirmative, but ap-
when a i pointed delegates to meet others invited
from Portsmouth and Neuse Associations at
Cashie church in Bertie. There was inaug-
urated the movement which, long after-
wards, resulted in the formation of the
North Carolina Baptist State Convention.
As was eminently proper, Mr. Ross was
chosen to preach the introductory sermon at
the Cashie Convention.

This memorable body convened on the
third Sunday in June, 1805, and Revs. Lem-
it does { uel Burkitt, Martin Ross, Aaron Spivey,
Jesse Read and John McCabe were Kehu-
kee's representatives on the occasion. The
Convention proceeded to formulate plans for

3. Ca

4. P
Beside
liquid t
precipit
cess of

5. C?

to ascer

CHAP. %,

Yet even,

^rith muri°

it must be

A precip-

be known,
ihe oxalate
carbonic a-
1 crucible,
le give 109
f

I find to be
jdding car-
; vessel, ob-

ind metals,
only in cer-
ine may be
)0, without
lis precipi-
afford any
its. From
re white, or
i precipitat-
and its pre-
n\\ present- 1

lasis of am-
he salts are
s it exhibits
ight near,
fects.

tallic salts.

lour to any
llution ; the
Id by an ex-

except that
hs. Hence,,
ion, add thr

carbonate of a
the liquor; ra
ammonia. Ii
presence of m
tria, and glue
they have nev
ence can scari

1. Lime-w;
detecting carl
acid be mixed
be present, ei
ly appear, wl
gain be disso!

2. Lime-w
mate by a bri
mon arsenic^
will occasion
which is verj
mixed up wii
garlic smell <

IX.-

1 . A solut
water in det
more portab
.earth, the ba
ed. In disc<
similarly to 1

. manner, a pi
ic acid.

2. Theba
^; acid and its <

soluble in rm
test. The q
weight of th^

I. Of the I

of hydro-sul]
quicksilver 1

the establishment of regular contributions
for Home and Foreign Missions, but made
no formal report to the Kehukee Association
of the results of their labors. This grew out
of the fact that when the year 1806 came, the
Chowan Association had been formed, and
to this far more sympathetic organization
the leaders in the work belonged. Elder
Biggs, in his continuation of Burkitt's his-
tory, says no report ever reached old Kehu-
kee. This may be true, but we yet know
her churches sent up funds repeatedly for
missionary purposes "to the General Meeting
of Correspondence, year after year, until
their final adumbration in 1827.

The debite in the old historic church at
Meherrin must have been one of the most
inspiring ever heard in this country. With [ c ac id
Ross, Burkitt and George Outlaw to uphold
the cause of missions was to insure a glow-
ing and exhaustive presentation of the rea
sons that had led to the introduction of the
query. It is not astonishing that with such
advocates the stolid and inert tide waiters
on the other side of the question should have

filter
1 pure
:r the
n, yt-
;; but
■pres-

8y for
in this

ediate-
will a-

subli-
(com-

known

but little to say. They were in fact, as a L jj et j
class, men of very few words on any occa- j m '
sion. If they could be induced to listen to is acid,
argument and entreaty, it was to very little ; when
purpose. To reason and Scripture, to elo-
quence and persuasion, they simply opposed
the v is inertia of their moveless natures.

But whatever of grief Martin Ross may
have felt in the want of sympathy of such
people with things so dear and momentous
to him, he was largely compensated in the in ii m e =
spirit so opposite to all this evinced by the, .

churches of the new Chowan Association. 3 muc
Unanimity and enthusiasm were accompa-
niments of every appeal to their souls for
longer interest in the extension of Christ's
kingdom of this world. The zeal and devo-
tion which have all along marked and enno-
bled the record of this great christian body,
led the people to accept the plain letter of
our Lord's latest command without ever a
doubt as to their duty in the premises, ujphuric
Christ had told his people assembled on.
Mount Olivet to witness his ascension, that ltate not
beginning at Jerusalem they should preach'ects as a
the gospel to all nations. Mr. Ross had only j j^ t jj e
aroused and fastened their attention on a ^
plain matter of duty. Like Carey and Fuller
in England, the preachers even had to be
reasoned with before seeing the full weight
of fealty they owed in the matter. The tor-
por and forgetfulness of God's people in this reseTJce
great responsibility they owed the heathen if a little
was passing away like a nightmare of the ,_. .
past, and nations were making ready to be- '"

of this
prepar-
is used

in like
muriat-

228 g[ n the new crusade against the stocks ancTTiAP. I.

stones of the swarming millions of the far-

either of these off East. The car of Juggernaut might still i film,

„ i oi^i,; roll on in its deadly course over the crushed
and, on shak bodieg Qf Ms ^^ but the dayg Q{ guch rom it.

Silver is spec fatal delusions were numbered. Deliver-

2. The m<7 ance long delayed was coming at last. ^ ^

principle of e. ***" ft iron

plate, immersed in a boluiion of sulphate of copper, soon acquires
a coat of this metal ; and the same in other similar examples.

XI. — Sulphate qf Iron.

This is the only one of the sulphates, except that of silver, ap-
plicable to the purposes of a test. When used with this view, it
is generally employed for ascertaining the presence of oxygen gas,
of which a natural water may contain a small quantity.

A water, suspected to contain this gas, may be mixed with a
little recently-dissolved sulphate of iron, and kept corked up, in a
phial completely filled by the mixture. If an oxide of iron be
precipitated in the course of a few days, the water may be inferred
to contain oxygen gas.

XII. — Sulphate, Nitrate, and Acetate of Silvc*:
These solutions are all in some measure applicable, to similar
purposes.

1. They are peculiarly adapted to the discovery of muriatic a-
cid and of muriates. For the silver, quitting its solvent, combines
with the mutiatic acid, and forms a flaky precipitate, which, at
first, is white, but, on exposure to the sun's light, acquires a blue-
ish, and finally a black colour. This precipitate, dried and fused
by a gentle heat, Dr. Biack states to contain, in 1000 parts, as
much muriatic acid as would form 4251 of crystallized muriate of
soda, which estimate scarcely differs at all from that of Klaproth.
The same quantity of muriate of silver (1000 parts) indicates, ac-
cording to Kirwan, 4541 of muriate of potash. Dr. Marcet's ex-
periments and my own indicate a larger product of muriate of sil-
ver f'om the decomposition of dry muriate of soda, viz. not less
than 240 grains from 100 of common salt. Hence 100 grains of
fused muriate of silver denote 416 of muriate of soda, and about
19 grains of muriatic acid. A precipitation, however, may arise
from other causes, which it may be proper to state.

2. 1 he solutions of silver in acids are precipitated by carbonat-
ed alkalis and earths. The agency of the alkalis and earths may,
however, be prevented, by previously saturating them with a few
drops of the same acid in which the silver is dissolved.

fcjECT. *.

the discover

nionia has i
physician tc
chalybeate,
ders's Trea
The suci

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir VI— Rev. Martin Ross.

CHAPTER THREE.

cient
precipitate,
containing i
til it ceases

The soul of Rev. Martin Ross must have
or ammomj been overflowed with thankfulness as he
In applying witnessed the growing usefulness and zeal
r ,1 of the new Chowan Association. This chris-
tian organization, which at once became the
pride and hope of the whole denomination
in North Carolina, exhibited so many signs
of sympathy and support of the plans Mr.
Ross was formulating for greater unity in
tained, cons, the Lord's work, that like one of old, he
a little wax "thanked God and took courage." But in
1 the mysteries of providential ruling in the
about 70 fi^ affairs of this world, a great loss and sorrow
it appears t was close at hand. Just as the full blessed-

orecinitarei ness °* ^ e wor ^ ^ e au( * Burkitt had accom-
* plished was made plain to the meanest ca-
pacities, the great preacher, who had done
so much to aid him in his plans, sickened
and died. It was like David, heart-broken
over the fatal tidings from Gilboa, when
Martin Ross fully comprehended that his

excess of at c ^ e ^ brother in the Lord and hearty co-
worker in all good things was sure enough

tion, and h< ^c Qa( j an( j a t, j^e en( j f . d \\ ^g man y labors.

these two el It'^was indeed a cruel and inexplicable loss
entirely del t0 t: ^ e survivin g partner in the Lord's work.

give 148 o
about &7\
2. The
Ekeberg, p

He was hardly weak enough to do, as so
man/ others in similar circumstances have
done, in his sorrow and confusion suffer
doubts and resentment to overcloud the
clearness of his trust and faith in the good-
(ii. 2 1 4,) th ness of God. Such men are only staggered
in their perception of the wasted plans and
j hopes crushed in such calamities. As they
realize how well even the greatest of men
can be>pared from the teeming millions of
earth, the old faith and confidence replace
the shadows of doubt and sorrow, and the
future plans are rearranged.

It was so with Mr. Ross. God had taken his
chief helper and friend, but a multitude of
less effective and loving assistants were left
phosphoric « to do what they could to supply the loss.
For this pur His brother, Rev. Reuben Ross, had also
.J grown into fame and usefulness as a preach-
with a portid er> jj e was t0 become a great light unto
per, for a fe' the regions north of Nashville, Tenn., and
_„„..,.•,. _ in the southern parts of middle Kentucky.
^ . He, too, turned from the extreme Calvinis-
to contain m tic features of the Skewarkey creed and was

VOL. II. 30

12 parts of*
ammonia, i
precipitate)

An easy
feeen suggei
which fully
dissolve the
solution of j

233

of am*
Marcet,
Brighton,
r. Saun-

of soda
sect. 8.
is suffi-
ces the
solution
riate, un-
te is ob-
jed with.
>ntaining
:rimentSj
cid, then
nth wax,
indicate

and Mr.
;iderable
as no ac«
iration of
alum be*
precisely
cinate of
No. 70,)
Klaproth

esia has
property
; first to
ed to the
earth to
pie salt
>repared
on a pa-
tfi of the
ispected
Jvapora-

tion. No F
soda is add*
dried in a t<
dred grains
muriate of !
ty of crysta

Muriate
of alkaline
sometimes
exists in th
of a few sp
detected bj
all the thre
for those s;
effervescei

With re
ash may be
ly and imn
is not affec
by its smc
while it ha

To estin
any water
real acid v
cid saturat

This so
hardness o
out any c
es a milk
from the
a tolerabl
owing to
a water ail
than it has
metallic s
ters, whic

Alcoho

phate of
fet this be

heard proclaiming the 3ame great doctrines cBAF r*
of love and hope for the human race that
illustrated the discourses of his elder brother.
The old homestead in the Islands had been
forsaken years before by John and William
Ross and they were living also in the great 'One hui>
West. Another brother, Rev. James Ross, ^vrt 86 of
went over into Bertie and planted the church i
which still bears his name. The old life of r 4 uantl *
alternate labors on the farm and then of ex-
citing weeks, as the young men captured
the year's supplies of shad and herring from
their nets in Roanoke river, still went on as
when Martin was a boy and no great wars 'presence
had called him to the tented field. The vil- have

lage of Williamston with its single strag- ' ' j
gling street and the Skewarkey church were *>f potash

both as sleepy and lifeless as ever ; but Mar-
tin Ross was in the thick of a battle that ex-
cited his soul and mind as much as did the
thunder of the guns at Yorktown and Eutaw
Springs.

With a mind that delighted in system and
organization, he was stretching all of his
great powers, mental and physical, to the
task of triumphing over the inertness and
often mistaken conservatism of Baptist
brethren all over the State. He saw what
a 'power for good was already created in the
Chowan Association ; what limits could be
set to a similar body embracing the organ-
ized Baptist hosts of the entire State? His
dreams were not confined to a simple em-
bodiment of the churches for promotion of
missions. He longed for more light to the jresent *&
preachers and the people. No man better
appreciated the blessings of education. He
knew that ignorance had been the hand-
maid of superstition in all ages of the world's
history. Though Wake Forest College was
to be for many years still a thing of the fu-
ture and no positive efforts were made for nparative
its establishment, still in the labors of the [ .

' — ,-ed, with-

Rev. Luther Rice in building up Columbian it p roc j uc .
College at Washington City, Mr. Ross saw _

the beginning of the end for which he ^ re > a™*
prayed. , ml derive

As the years went by and tidings came of
the wonders Adoniram Judson was bringing
about with God's help in Burmah, the ear

.he water
nate was
e. Of
idicator ;
lble with

;alis, pot-
1 distinct-
unds, and
iscovered
alumine

weight of
phuric a-

s effect is
present in

liest of bis North Carolina supporters felt ir affinity

arthy and
ty in wa-

ll is soul lifted up with joy and thankfulness
When in 1803 he had dared to set this ball
in motion, he was almost alone in his faith
in such things; now great societies of many
differing creeds, in widely-scattered nation-
alities, were contending in noble emulation
as to which should do most for the salvation , nof aboUt
of the duskv races. Even the cold worldli-

SECT. II.

which are al
ed native m«
monly are in
substances, a
them in that
both, an ore.'
metal is foun
The copper i
phur, and th
copper.

Method of e

A MINER

any previou
red to one oi
general kno
minutely.

I. To asc
matter, let !
state of fine
ly with 30 ti
130°. Afte
the bottle or
a funnel,
filtering paf
whole be ac
than the joi
tering papei
the decreas

In certair
of boiling \
of solution

Should tl
going expc
proportion
ter be laid <

II. The
their insolu
Bninflamau

ness of the rulers of the British East India
Company was relaxing under the blessed re-
sults they saw effected by Dr. Carey and his
successors in that field of labor. Instead of
jealous and hostile criticism from the re-
views and newspapers, the press was true
to its great work of education and enlight-
enment, and thus warm words of commen-
dation were seen replacing the late diatribes
of such men as the Rev. Sidney Smith. The
home governments were no less changed.
They were no longer alarmed at and op-
posed to the whole system ; they ceased to
leave the missionaries to the tender mercies
of any native king or other petty ruler who
should see fit to murder or imprison the
daring men who came on their way in de-
spite of his threats. The missionaries, on
the contrary, were recognized as entitled to
all the protection their citizenship might in-
dicate, and the native rulers soon learned
that these strange visitors were not to be
harmed without a due penalty for such an
outrage.

We have in this memoir dwelt more on
Mr. Ross's labors and triumphs as an organ-
izer and reformer in ecclesiastical relations
than on his extraordinary gifts and graces
as an evangelist. Like his lost compeer, Mr.
Burkitt, he was so eminent in both respects,
that it is hard to say in which particular
department of usefulness he was greater or
more successful. As a preacher, he was un-
matched in all those thronging years of mar-
velous growth and advancement generally,
which marked the first two decades in the
history of the Chowan Association. In his
comprehensive and exhaustive treatment of
religious topics in the pulpit, there was
something to be heard that reached the con
sciences of all his audience. Pride, preju-
dice and frivolity were arrested and so held
up to the introspection of men and women
concerned, that the last subterfuge and
evasion were swept from their possession,
and like Adam and Eve after their sin in
Paradise, such sinners became fully aware of
their shame and peril. He was the first
Baptist preacher in our State to make heavy
inroads upbn the Episcopal and wealthy
classes. Pride and social exclusiveness had
almost barred access of Baptist truth to such
hearts until attracted by the outcry of Mar-
tin Ross; these people ventured out to be
amused, and in many cases went home hap-
pily converted to God, and for the rest of
their lives became humble and useful mem-
bers of Baptist churches. Such people were
by no means rare in the beautiful peninsulas
that lie north of Albemarle sound. The

243

re call-
y com-
letallic
at sets
und of
ii'j this
ilphur.
id sul-r
ore of

h is un~

without
e refer-
attain a
alyze it

saline
in the
peated-
1 20° or
tents of
aced on
ler on a
, let the
ibly less
the hi-
red, and

portions
difficult

he fore-
ind and
I hereaf-

lished by
by their
iching 5.

244

If, thereft
foregoing
in considt
iron ; we
ble body.

III. Th
are ores c
merely by
heavier th
weighed 1
er to desci
cannot wi
suspended
a balance,
Let it next
of distilled
ing the vv
scale from
necessary
necessary,
the weight
going case
in water, a
heavier th
though pro

heavier tha :
al, and ma
IV. Infli
away, eithi
and by the
thrown inu
which con'

chap.

Harveys, Swarm's, ^or£ers7 Planners, Ba-
kers, Blounts and others were rich enough
to educate their sons at the great English
universities and to deck their daughters in
all the finery of the period. It was among
such families that men like Mr. Thomas
Brownrigg were won as jewels to shine in mflamma-
the Baptist coronet.

It was in this way that Mr. Ross planted
that noble church in Perquimans county
since known and honored as Bethel. He ingnished
had been serving Yeopim as pastor up to
this year of our Lord 1806, but from this
time until his death twenty-one years later,
the new congregation was added to his re-
sponsibilities. Ballard's Bridge was never
directly under his pastoral care, but still en-
joyed the benefit of his frequent visits. He
was indeed in virtue of his superior age and
talents a real Baptist bishop, largely direct-
ing and controling their religious affairs in
all the ancient domain known as Albemarle.
It was like the loving oversight exercised by
the Apostle to the Gentiles, who, in virtue of
his part in the salvation of his people, claim-
ed the privilege of advice and admonition in
the Lord's work. To no council, consistory,
synod or conference did he or Martin Ross
look for his credentials in such relations.
They both recognized and enforced the inde-
pendence of the separate churches, while
still claiming, as their fathers, in God the
right to condemn all such sin and disorder as
was found among the men and women of the
churches at Corinth and Galatia.
The Rev. Martin Ross was given a lease

weighed in of life just twenty years longer than had
fallen to the lot of his compeer, Rev. Lem-
uel Burkitt. They were born about the same
time and had so largely shared in the same
plans and aspirations for their people, that
their brotherhood in the Lord became a very
close bond of union between these born .
leaders of men. As the new churches crowd- ltre > a
ed in upon the Chowan Association, and
that gyeaV body year-^by y ear be came more
permanent in its influence in North Carolina,

answer to t the only grief left in Mr. Ross's soul was

mable subs *^ e Efficiency of the body known as the

General Committee of Correspondence. This

I shall nc consisted of delegates sent up each year, who

curate exai generally met in Raleigh and transacted the

small business affairs entrusted to their con-

[ trol. It was an abortive attempt by men

doing the best that could be attained out of

the obstinate aversion to change, that as a

, rule marked all Baptist movements of that

A SOJ l and earlier days. He saw how far short

per (see p\jgc -iio,j ui«v ? v **ww./ evaporated? anu i<cLt to cool

ied in tl
wholly oi
a red-hot

g always

it may be

be prop-

i founded,

incral be

scale of

50 grains.

n a glass

contain-

, to the

its as are

rains are

dividing

the fore-

e weight

ve times

e metal,

h, when

re, times

n a met-

burning
lot iron ;

however,
; matter,
y inflam-

more ac»

sses.

mg man-

SECT. IV.

(E) Whet-
same soluticj

(a) Precij
of potash ; 1
of carbonate
may be sep
which will d
this solution
itate ceases
well with dis
heat, in a c
of alumine.

(F) Magr
cess: Evap
ness. Weij
dish,* more
a sand-heat
as to expel i
and digest it
dissolve the
lime, which
ter, and drie
deduct, fron
to Klaproth
tains one th

If the lit
the two sul
crystallizing

From KU
cific gravity
To saturate
quired, or 1

The mag
the carbonal
cipitate, afte
an hour. It
magnesia c(

(G) Ifm
{the absenc

* The bott
well, and bear
tic acid.

VOL. If.

ANALYSIS OF MINERALS.

this make-shift fell of what he had desired
in his soul and was saddened at the failure.
But this did not so becloud his judgment tftat
despair of the future wa his. He was la-
boring and hoping for years for the estab
lishment of such a body as was seen in the
town of Greenville for the first time in 1830.
He was not spared to this world long enough
to see and be happy in that great event, for
he died in the year of our Lord 1827.

If he missed this realization of so many
bright hopes in the past, Martin Ross was at
least spared the grief and shame that filled
the hearts of so many good people that year
over the sad course pursued by the Kehukee
Association. Since the formation of the
Chowan Association and the death of Lem-
uel Burkitt, the Rev. Joshua Lawrence had
been growing more and more powerful iu
his influence over these people He saw and
encouraged all the wor-t features of their
fatalism and aversion to everything not sanc-
tified by prescriptive Baptist usage. Instead
of laboring to soften the asperities and gloom
of such men and women, Joshua Lawrence
added the venom of hatred and distrust of
all others who dared in any way to differ
from him and the peopM he thus misled.
Under his influence the 'dder ties of love
and fraternity were all ca*t to the wind, and
insults and open hostility arere assumed as
the proper treatment of those who had so
lately also been members of the Kehukee
Association. The most malignant and un-
founded aspersions were spread broadcast
over the country as to the creed and prac-
tices of the regular Baptists, while this ill-
natured, little rump set themselves up as the
only visible saints of the Lord then left in
the world. Martin Ross or Lemuel Burkitt,
had they been alive and visited again the
Association, both of whom had rendered such
great services to her in the past, would have
received no more recognition than a horse-
thief or a stray Jesuit Mr. Joshua Law-
rence completely succeeded in adding hatred
and bad manners to the previous faults of
his people, and must have enjoyed the
charms of the Chinese wall thus erected
against all outside influences. But Martin
Ross was beyond the malice and machina-
tions of all such spirits. After long and
sore battle the veteran spent in the stress of
such a conflict, at last rested from every ill
and toil. He had not only been faithful in
his day, he had risen so far superior to its
general level that he entitled himself to a

349
I in the

irbonate
1 consist
alumine
potash,
(c)To
5 precip-
e cipitate
low red-
pportion

ing pro-
to dry-
porating
Apply
heat, so
y mass,
jThis will
ohate of
lore wa-
I of lime,
cording
me con-

lagnesia,
of lime

;id, spe?
ulphate,
are re-
hate by
•the pre-
ined for
ntity of

solution
ice of a

sxtremely
i sulphilr-

350 ANALYSIS OF MI IJO A T.5. "HAP. II.'

place in that shi>rt catalogue of men who, * \

have made whole communities wiser and i
better. "Surely the end of such a man is | ns raa F
peace." But alas! ' the ^tyug staff and the I f am .

beautiful rod were broken." The beauty and \„ .,

strength of Israel had fallen in her high
places. The great preacher was in his grave

precipitate,
be separatee
monia. Th
washed, and

the two eart and had not left his like in all our borders.
ed, recomnu

Elected,

ition of

follow-
I
Jgnesia,

remaining in solution, may be precipitated by carbonate of pot-
ash ; heat being applied, to expel the excess of carbonic acid.

Magnesia and alumine may, also, be separated by succinate of
soda, which precipitates the latter earth only. (See sect. 1, xvii.
of the chapter on Mineral Waters.)

When the solution of magnesia, of alumine, or of both, contains,
a small proportion of iron, this may be separated from either or
both of the earths by evaporating to dryness, calcining the residue)
during one hour, in a low red-heat, and dissolving again in dilute
nitric acid, which does not take up iron when thus oxidized.

(H) The insoluble residue (A) may contain alumine, silex, and
oxides of metals, so highly charged with oxygen as to resist the
action of nitric and muriatic acids.

(a) Add concentrated sulphuric acid, with a small quantity of
potash, and evaporate the mixture to dryness, in the vessel de-
scribed in the note, page 249. On the dry mass pour a fresh por-
tion of the acid ; boil again to dryness, and let this be done, re-
peatedly, three or four times. By this operation, the alumine
will be converted into a sulphate of alumine and potash, which
will be easily soluble in warm water ; and, from the solution f
crystals of alum will shoot on evaporation.* Let the sulphate of
alumine be waslied off, and the insoluble part be collected and
dried. The alumine may be precip'itated by carbonate of potash ;
washed, dried, and ignited ; and its weight ascertained.

During the evaporation of a solution of alumine, which has
been separated from silex, portions of the latter earth continue to
fall, even to the last. (See Klaproth, vol. i. pages 66 and 75.)
These must be collected, and washed with warm water ; the col-
lected earth added to the portion (6,) and the washings to the so-
lution (a.)

Alumine may be separated from oxide of iron by a solution of
pure potash.

From whatever acid alumine is precipitated by fixed alkali, it is-
apt to retain a small portion of the precipitant. To ascertain thtp
* Klaproth procured crystals of alum from one fourth of a grain of alu*
mine. The quantity of alumine he estimates at one tenth the weight oi
t&e crystallized alum which is obtained-

'SECT. VI.

•« — An exam
Klaproth, v

13. Ores
the solutior
be consider
and will ret
tained by e
nitrate of ar

14. Ores
contained i
cid, which
may afterw
take up the
arise, if a gel
liar smell, an
exposed to t|
cipitated by
becomes bla
contain man;
acid, when o
may be sepa
which take^
of an ore of :
and of a cotn

Ores of n
they impart!
(See chap. J

15. Ores
acid, whichj
or in dilute i
if any iron h
Then add ci
and uranhin

, ammonia, w
when dissor
crystals of a
If copper
by the amm
much less d
evaporation,

1 6. Ores
seems to be

V©L. II.

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina,

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE HISTORIAN.

Memoir VII — Rev. Jeremiah Walker.

CHAPTER ONE.

When the young king, George ILL, made
his late Scottish teacher the Earl of Bute
and Prime Minister of the British Empire,
many tide waiters hastened to do hom-
age to the man who was thus shown to be
so high in the monarch's trust and affec-
tions. Among others who thus sought to
recommend themselves both to the king and
his minister was the adroit and unscrupu-
lous Gov. Tryon of North Carolina. That
fair region now included in the counties of
Warren and Franklin was formed into the
county he and the General Assembly called
Bute. But the name proved as evanescent
as the power of the man whose patronymic
it bore. The great Revolution came and
with it the name of Bute disappeared from
our map to make room for those of the
statesman and the hero who are still pre-
served to human remembrance in the names
of Franklin and Warren. It was in this fa-
vored region that in the year 1747 a man
child was born who was to be widely known
and honored of men. They called him Jer-
emiah Walker, but in such poverty and ig-
norance were his parents and neighbors that
small hopes were entertained by even those
who loved him best as a child, that anything
beyond humble obscurity could ever be his
lot in this life. But that obscure child amid
the red hills of Warren was not to be chained
down by either the accidents of birth or the
stress of social environments. In the miser-
able system, or rather, absence of all system
as to school facilities then seen in our coun-
try, the lad early evinced a passionate de-
sire for acquaintance with books and letters.
Turning aside from all the amusements so
dear to the great majority of boys and girls,
young Jeremiah Walker could be found,
book in hand, whenever the stern require-
ments of labor on the farm did not compel
his assistance. With the small start he
managed to get at the hands of a strolling
teacher, the dauntless and tireless orator of
the future managed to continually augment
his slender store of acquirements until long
before his majority was attained, the coun-
try side was filled with the fame of his
knowledge. He early became a member of

263

seen in
579.)
add to
.all may
metals,
be ob«-
s till the

metals,
nitric a-
The ore
lich will
icid will
ts pecu-
s papei*
,e is pre-
e, which,
icted to
dphuric
iganese
potash,
analysis
je 510;

i . ••.
I colour
vv-pipe.

ie nitric
>f iron j
)n ; or,
by zinc,
of zinc
in pure
This,
oration,

tie zinc,
i, a salt
ich, on

jatment
up the

266

earths ;
yellow (
tion of
this oxii
heat the

the Baptist cnurcn and in conference charm- I CHAT, ft
ed all hearts with the ease and grace of his
elocution. I - -

As young Walker seemed deeply pious, it re
was no wonder that a people who rejoiced to the addi-
in such weak preachers as generally served To reduce
our churchers of that day should have leaped , . , . , ,

rare oc<
detail,
amples
18. i

Nicholson's

vessel of the Lord. Of course, a young man cible, which

should I ^k° so frtr sur P assed a11 the 7 had ever'heard iour at i east .
in his utter inces on sacred subjects and who !
17. C also professed to feel that he was called or jy ne9s J wi y*
nitric a @od to preach the gospel, was gladly wel- insoluble ia

corned into such holy and tender relations. ta i s exceof
nitric ac It wag thus whi]e gtm - n hig ruddy y 0Uth< !«**!

iron, fp ere the beard and bronze of manhood had : muriatic a-
cids - .1 ^s^ed bis cheeks, that young Mr. Walker in cold, but
* ' was ordained and set apart to the full func- _» Wl ,_
colourlc tions of the g 0S pei ministry. In his marvel- omy '

when th ous success in such relations, it seemed that lett's Analy-
sis of tl a ^ ^ e naste and precipitation of his exalta- p a j Transac-
tion were abundantly justified. He went on
tions, P< to astound and conquer all hearts in the

Pcsp ma gi° of his splendid oratory. Nor were the Scient infpr-
more needed graces of humility, zeal and ^ e general
mation devotion to God wanting in his conduct. As b - ,
student, matchless as he was in the pulpit, the more T are °* suc "
trying ordeal of the fireside but the more tem more in
endeared him to the purest and best of his il Des t ex .,
brethren in the Lord. He seemed to them |
some miracle of grace vouchsafed from on
high to lead them on in the green pastures |fe PhysiquCf
and by the still waters of a higher life in the
xxxix. Lord. As they listened to his glowing ad-
Journal dresses in church meetings or heard his
ready and luminous expositions at home of
"9* ' the deep things in Scripture that had been
C so dark and inexplicable to them, they j
^ would wonder and ponder by what possible i xxv.

means this youth, reared amongst their own Jq2 #
I unlettered neighbors, should have gained so ' _
I much insight into the deep things of the Phil. 1-rans.
theologians.

As has been intimated before in the pre- * rans i gQ4,

ceding memoirs of this series, the Baptists n( j Vauquelinv
and a vast majority of the other white peo- »
Niche p-e of the Colony of North Carolina had re-
lapsed into a state of profoundest ignorance
so far as literary learning was concerned.
I Most of their preachers had managed to
learn enough to be able to read the Bible,
because this was the one sine qua non neces-
sary to their license and ordination. But
To what a pitiful stock of extraneous and yet
most necessary learning was theirs, to aid them ^nd should al-
ia understanding and explaining to audi- 'strata, a more
ways eEC63 s till more ignorant than themselves, j r j t t,

eomp the many historical, geographical and ori- IUIII « U - C >
muffi ental - allusions so thickly scattered all These have a.U

20.
21.

22.
23.
1805.
24.
25.

ch affords the^

3ECT. yii-

ready been er
again describ

The reduct
ing to expel i
lay be effect
jecting the m
formed, may
subsequent e>

As many of
application of
flammable mi
duced particle
instead of seal
fusible ingre^
the reduced
of the crucibl
called fluxes
another end, ■
attached to a
separated.

The ores cj
metal, requir
individual ca;
shall, therefb
erally applied

The black ■
part of nitrat<
which affords
a fine light cj
hot crucible <
of soda, previ
dered lime, o
or 400 parts d
two parts off
a part of chai
The ore, afte
three or four
with a little f
be luted on,
wind-furnace
a very intens

through the holy book. What, for example,
would be such a commentator's understand-
ing of Luke's enumeration of the nationali-
ties represented at the famous feast of Pen-
tecost. Such men, ignorant from the start as a
rule, toiled all the week on their farms, with
neither hope nor desire of higher attainments.
The beggarly salary allowed them for their
pastoral services was so small, that it scarcely
entered into their estimate of necessary rev-
enue as a support. They could say with the
Indian, ''If my preaching is poor, so is my
pay." In the general poverty of the coun-
try at the time, the people were sorely put
to, to get hold of money by any means.
English merchants, to aid their own selfish
schemes, had procured orders in the councils
fi( royalty in London forbidding the issue of
Colonial script, and there was n:> other cir-
culating medium worth mentioning in the
Colony of North Carolina. The steady drain
of gold and silver coin sent over the seas to
purchase things needed by the wealthier
families kept the Province entirely stript of
the valuable metals. Besides this, the an-
nual taxes had to be paid in coin after the
suppression of Colonial issues of paper bills.
We can, then, neither wonder at the smali-
ness of the amounts paid to pastors or the
poverty of means generally in the land.

In such a community and amid such cler-
ical peers, Jeremiah Walker flamed up like
some resplendent meteor on the bosom of a
starless night.' His zeal, piety, eloquence
and affability to all classes made him a par-
agon to admiring thousands as he passed on
his victorious way from county to county,
and later, from State to State. It may be
that some reader may incline to the opinion
that this picture of the youthful divine is
overdrawn. For the benefit of such doubt-
ing Thomases, the following fine picture of
Mr. W 7 alker is copied from the pages of Rev.
Dr. R. B. Sem pie's History of the Virginia
Baptists :

'•The invincible energies of his genius
towered ab' ve every obsti action . He quickly
shone forth with such splendor as to make
it questionable whether the obscurity of his
education, as well as the unlearned n ess of
his society, did not, by having his mind un-
shackled from scholastic dogmas and criti-
cal strictures, rather advance, than impede,
his real greatness. After preaching in his
native neighborhood and in Pittsylvania
county, Virginia, for some years, he was in-
duced by the new church called Nottoway
in Amelia county, Va., to move down and

2$f
trill be

roast-
»r this
d pro-
i, thus
'ed for

lat the
of in-'
le re-
mass,
, some
fusion,
sottom
ses are
e also
ay be
if not

same
r each
k: I
t gen-

)f one

>tash ;

t, with

a red-

uriate

pow-

ircoal;

d; or,

id half

Eluxes.

d with

ucible^

' must

it in a

equire

1 by a

2J0

ar gls
gravh
after •
water
ence <
at the
must!
perim

(a;

distill

. (b;

phure
sedini
of ace

(C)

ammo

It is

posed
of any
us,* tl
probal
resein
and th
preser
deep s
nation
and of
hydro
eral t
grains
drogu
rendei
of arse

(D)
solutic
lulion
manifs
the su:
with t
pearai
The c

DISCOVERY OF POISONS.

Sketches of Pioneer Baptist Preachers in
North Carolina.

BY JOHN W. MOORE, STATE "HISTORIAN.

Memoir VII — Uev. Jeremiah Walker.

CHAPTER TWO.

As the Rev. Jeremiah Walker and other
Baptist evangelists of that period traversed
Virginia, they found an Episcopal rector
and chapel for worship in every parish. The
laws and individual inclination had con-
joined in bringing over an entirely different
class of people to the old Dominion from
those who settled the other colonies. No
persecuted dissenter was so ignorant as to
venture from England or Scotland for exile
on James river. It was but "jumping out
of the frying pan into the fire." The colony
planted at Jamestown in 1607 was the pet of
King James I. and all his unlucky dynasty.
The settlers who were induced to go there
were all of the high church type. They
hated Catholics and dissenters with a hatred
that seems strangely unaccountable in our
generation ; but this was counted as God's
service in that wicked and adulterous pe-
riod that preceded the English revol ition of
1G88. Many families of wealth and consid-
eration transferred themselves and their
fortunes to the beautiful land where the
doctrines of Laud and Filmer were so much
more highly respected than even in merry
England. As was natural, the heads of
such families became the leaders and law-
makers of the new land. They carried all
their prejudices and want of charity into
the General Assembly at Williamsburg and
enacted such codes of laws as required the
restraining powers in London to temper
their harshness and cruelty. When King
William III. and his gentle partner of the
throne had procured from the Convention
Parliament the enactment of the famous
statute, known and reverenced ever since
as the Toleration Act, this law, the noblest
monument of one of the greatest kings of
modern times, was \ tended for the protec-
tion of people agb religious persecution
in all parts of the i^tish dominions ; but it
found slow and meager respect in Virginia.
Men like Mr. Walker thought themselves
comparatively safe from the priestly tyr-
anny of old until they ventured into the bat-
tle-field where the Baptists, backed by Pat-

* Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal, v.

CHAP. I-

J 7

tater specific
led separate,
Jsions of cold
till the pres-
be expected
wder, which
mitted to ex«?

;w ounces of
e solution,
ted with sul-
;olden yellow

: a few drops

f sulphuret o£
page 263.)
s are decom*.
ttere addition,
stock assures
)t to afford a
bear a close
ed antimonyi
the sulphur
:ic presents a
i of discrimi-
tets of arsenic
(. sulphuretted
inly as collate
licacy : sixty
jiphuret (hy-
nost instantly
£ white oxide

op of a weak
drops of a so-
scnic will be.l
1 a portion of]
potash, and-'
a similar apjl
: be present*!
eristic. It h
166.

279

V. — 4cetous\

If vinegar 1

contaminated

condensation,!

The former \

pure ammoni

ammonia, or

(See the prec

It is not un

to add sulphu

Lby solutions o

fterated, throw

VI—

Genuine bo
weight of boi!
should emit a
hexangular scj
specific gravit

This acid o
a portion be di
added. A pre
entirely re-
little pure acet|
phuric acid is I
is adulterated i
cipitat

Acid of ami
and its combin
with muriate of

Sulphuric aci
by carbonate of

rick Henry, Thomas Jefferson" and James
Madison were struggling for liberty andgos- |
pel privileges. That the eloquent young ^iegar.
divine had the heart and faith to take his
part in such a conflict, adds another to his
many claims upon our regard and admi-
ration.

North Carolina Baptist evangelists had
been for several years unceasingly active in
their incursions into Virginia. As Rev. Dr.
Whitsitt remarked iu his Wake Forest sermon
of 1889, the Old Dominion was chiefly won
over to Baptist principles by these mission-
aries from the Old North State. Thus an- fl
other element of offense entered into the & '
quarrel which the Churchmen got up with
the young preacher from Bute county. He
was not only one of the despised Baptists,
but an emissary of the same school that had
been making such fearful inroads upon Epis-
copal pastures under the preaching of David-
Marshall, Samuel Harriss and others. It
was a matter of especial offense that these
men as a rule were like Mr. Walker from
North Carolina. While the British tolera-
tion act promised and did secure immunity
from the imprisonments and scourgings of
older times simply on an allegation of a
want of conformity to the State forms of
I religion, still in the recesses of the enraged
J Churchmen's hearts there was yet a hope
| left of vengeance on their religious disturb-
ers. Some soulless and unprincipled lawyer
suggested a trick and perversion of the laws
V J fry which the most harmless and holy men
5 " should be subjected to the pains and penal-
ties intended only for the restraint of the
lawless and violent disturbers of the public
peace. It was so arranged that Episcopal
roughs should be on hand to disturb and
insolut break up by open violence any Baptist meet-
ing they could hear of ; and then these same
men of Belial should go before some com-
pliant magistrate and swear out a peace
warrant against the Baptist preachers as
disturbers of public tranquility. These vil-

being
for its
olved.
ion of
retted
ogen.

vered
adul-

— W<-
3S its
i fire,
small
Its

i, let
ad be
e, is
by a
sul-
acid
pre-

acid
thers

the
ong

lians, who had beaten or half drowned the
unoffending man of God, would be used as acid
( witnesses to prove that his persistence in > %ie .
and muriate of a P reac h in g the gospel was the whole cause of

all the trouble.
acid, and by a i it was thus that£ , f .; Walker, after one of
smell of ammoni his most powerful £ courses, found himself
Pur* o • l f hustled and insulted by the minions of the
rure acid or a Est , ab i is hinent, and, amid the tears of his r ste,
soluble in twentj people, was led off as a prisoner to answer \ j s
volatilized, wher for nis offense against the peace and dignity ;
„ t , ., 1 of his Majesty's Colon v of Virginia. To the ^ nes

or other residue 1 warrant alleging his guilt as a disturber of i

2*80 nv.TECTION OF ADULTERATIONS. CHAP. II.

the public tranquility, he pleaded "not

guilty." When the wretched Dogberry of

jX a magistrate had heard the testimony of his

accomplices in this mockery of justice, but

This ac slight attention was paid to the best citizens ^est has a

brilliant w of tbe countr y as tDe y swore that Mr. Wal-
ker's conduct had been entirely peaceful and

ble in a 1^ blameless. Of course, his conviction and
punishment were foregone conclusions from
the beginning; but when he was called upon
to pay a fine and costs, and further to give
security for his future good behavior, he
told the court plainly that he had committed
no offense against the laws of God or man,
and should therefore give countenance to no

dissolve e such iniquitous proceedings by paying a vater

anv thine sir, g^ e cent ; that as for preaching the gos-
5 pel, he owed allegiance to a higher tribunal

residue w

X— Su

The sa

muriate c

It is solu-
leaves no

P.L.

phate and

It should

and

s an impu-

rity. Sorthan the greatest of earthly courts, and hus be de-

tected, th
tain the i
diluted n
solved,
this will
anoth
salts

her pj
; an)

therefore would endure imprisonment, the
spoiling of his goods and the loss of life it-
self sooner than obey any man's orders for
bis silence on that subject. With such scorn
of his jurisdiction, the court was swift to
sentence its prisoner to the county jail until
a more submissive spirit should mark his
course to so exalted a tribunal.

Thus like many of his clerical brethren
did this great Baptist preacher suffer the

tect calca pains and penalties which his ecclesiastical
s< opponents thought were due to heretical ob-
stinacy and presumption in thus daring to
give voice to his belief in matters of re-
ligion. Mr. Walker's patince and meekness
as a prisoner of the Lord, and his glowing
■ sermons preached through the jail windows,
1 his nj ma( j e jjj m more than ever an idol of the
people. That generous sympathy for the
wronged and love of fair play, which marks
the Anglo Saxon race in every part of the
globe, made him friends in the most unex-

tate shot| pected quarters. So far from this persecu- ;e in dilute
tion staying or stopping the young enthusi- ^ . y ^
ast in his work, it but fired his soul into "
fresh ardor. When the jail doors were ; A redun-
opened and he was for shame begged to de- ce , on add-
part, the people thought him more like one
inspired than ever before, as he revelled m
the flood tide of resistless argument or melt-
ed all hearts with his pathos and tears.

With that noble band of Baptist coadju-
tors, who through so much labor and tribu-
lation worked out their deliverance from the
least dread of future persecution, Mr. Wal-
ker hasted on until the glorious end at last
came. The fight was long and sore, but
with liberty achieved, all the sufferings of .uriate and
the past were counted as dust in the bal-
ance. A great people, long misled and mis
taken as to human rights, woke up from

The

carbonati

XI.

ration wi
of carboi
remain ti

muriatic
precipiia
dancy of
ing dilut
cipitate
means of
This sc
pint may

XII.-

C arbor
sulphate i

To ascer-
pure and
in undis-
if barytes ;
kitate. To
br muriatic
ich will de-

Masses sub-

ier.

P.L.

s, by satu-
i speaking
ash should
t" a precipi-

white pre-
)lution, by

fexact wine-'

P. L.

to a little

ICMAP. «•

of the carbon^
rytes, to detec
ascertain the
will be shown
acid to a stron
cultly soluble

XIII.— Solutil

This shoulc
on the additio
i adding alcoho

XIV.— Car
This salt s!
remain, when
Hme may be
be present if t
of a powder
Sulphuric anc
adding to the
already often

XV.—Solutio

The volatil
sible by wate
which it is aj
contain nothir
perfectly fret
water in the {
£alts may be
with pure- nit j
riatic acids. !
ing the soluti
is not precipi
mining the st
ty, which, at
to 1000.

This may
with the disti

VOL. n

momte

rvesce
am on

thing
i or of

their dream of oppression and wrong to be- 281
come the light and hope of the human race.
Had they no other title to renown than the f Da .
production of Thomas Jefferson, that single
fact would be glory enough for unfading ' er » t0
immortality. It was through him and his potash
no less illustrious coadjutor, James Madison, tarous
that religious liberty was made the law of all
the republic. The light kindled first by Roger * dun-
Williams in Rhode Island having, after so
many years, flamed up in the great Virginia
beacon, was thus spread over the American
nation and is yet on its way round the world.
It was to take many years before its final
triumph in such places as Massachusetts,
but even there the mild and gentle teach-
ings of our Saviour were at length accepted
in all their mighty scope of mercy and for-
bearance, and the difference of men in re-
ligious opinion happily ceased to be treated
as a crime against worldly and often un-
godly magistrates. Even in free and liberal
North Carolina, the last vestige of this old,
unchristian habit of visiting pains and pen-
alties on people considered unorthodox, was :ely to
not purged from our constitution until the » form
year of our Lord 1835, and even then such
wise, just and capable men as Nathaniel umps.
Macon were heard advocating a continuance red by
of a policy which, if enforced, would have e «* ests
unseated William Gaston from the Conven-
tion of which he was the greatest pride and
ornament.

With the full establishment of American mQn i x
independence and the coming on of the
peaceful days after so many years of blood
and confusion, the times were still illustra-
ted by the eloquence and activity of the Rev.
Jeremiah Walker. The sun of his fame and
usefulness was yet undimmed. The olden should
zeal and fervor in his work of salvation , , ,
knew no abatement to all human appear-
ances ; but like David and many others who d with
have truly served God in this lower world, ,f other
Mr. Walker was yet to prove the frailty of . .
the flesh even in our best estate. The wis- > omtlon
dom and justice of the Saviour's declaration, id mu-
" Let him that thinketh he standeth take
heed to his ways lest he fall," were never
more clearly demonstrated than in Mr.
Walker's sad and unfortunate ending of his
stay in Virginia. Like many another pop-
ular preacher, he was the object of almost
adoration to many young and lovely women abouts,
who had professed religion under his minis-
trations. These, under the cloak of religious
attachment, too often burned with less holy
sentiments toward the great preacher they
so much idolized. In an evil hour for his
fame and usefulness, he so far yielded to
improper feelings and desires as to seriously

anden-
under

n mix-
hy salt
deter-
gravi-

fair it

282'

gency of i
The fraud
it ; for, if
proved,
not ensuii

gravity of

XVII.-— S

This sa
both of \vl
222. Noi
former of
siaie of pc
of barytes
ver, or m(
of potash i
phate of s
is little ri

XVIII—

The pi
as that of
pretty se<

XIX.— JV

Nitrate
muriate <
chemical
cover mi
ed as lo
ed and di.
note aboi

Sulphj
riate of b

Comn
bases, el
vn the br

compromise his christian character. His
punishment was swift and humiliating. De-
posed from the ministry and stript of ail the
olden respect and preference so long enjoyed,
the fallen leader had nothing left but the
memory of how much her had forfeited by
his sin.

After months of sorrowful repentauce, his
brethren were induced to give him another
trial, and trusting that Oorl had forgiven a
soul thus apparently so full of remorse, be
was restored to his former privileges as a
preacher of the gospel. But nothing could
hide the stain on bis escutcheon. He found
that his usefulness in the old haunts was a
thing not to be recovered. On this account
he sought strange faces and cover from the
knowledge of men by removing to Georgia.
There his fall had its legitimate fruit in the
lowering of his former b.gh standard as to
creed by surrendering all that was good in
Calvinistic teachings and the aloption of
extreme Arminianism. The old belief that
had been so dear in his C iys of innocence,
that told him of his election and adoption
through grace, with 'the further assurance of
his his and every other redeemed soul's final
perseverauoe had passed into doubt and dis-
may. With the great Dutch teacher, he had
come to believe that salvation was not only
in reach of all the race, but was dependent
solely upon their own will? and works. His
great debate with Rev. yilas Mercer before
the General Association ot Virginia, showed
that all the astuteness and oratory of the past
were yet his ; but the soul and cream of his
Baptist strength had been lost in the sense
of his double departure from purity aud the
truth. The case of Mr. Walker, along with
others of a similar nature, might well show
tho people of ail creeds calling on the name
of Christ, how useless it is to continue men,
convicted of disgraceful sins, in their former
pastoral relations. Such offences against
God and man are sure to have their legiti-
mate effects on the soul of the offender. Pe-
ter sinned grievously and was restored to
God's favor ; but we must remember that
was an age of miracles. Tho forgiveness
and absolution of our Loi i could call even
the dead back to life, but we have no such
resurrections now. The minister who, in his
sacred functions deliberately tramples on
God's mercy and the trust of his people, is
forever nnworthy of return "o his forfeited
place as the under shepherd of the Lord. If
he is truly repentant, let the church restore
him as a layman, but as a ptstor and guide,
never.

CHAP. It.

of wateri
ated spir-
;eration is
rvescence
p specific?

Glauber's

]

or alkali,
Mis, page
salts; the
r by prus-
ig nitrate
Jue of sil-
Sulphate
The sul-
;alts, there

. — Vitriol-

me means
renders it

itre or Salt

tirely from
^pt for nice
i. To dis-
ust be add-
ate, wash-
s will de-

ite or mu=

dth earthy
e contained
fay be pre=

OHAP. II. »ETKCTION OF ADULTERATIONS. 2$3

cipitatedby carbonate of soda, and the precipitated lime and mag-
nesia may be separated from each other by the rules given page
249.

XXI. — Muriate of Ammonia? — Ammonia Murias, P. L.—Sal Am*

moniac.
This salt ought to be entirely volatilized, by a low heat, When
laid on a heated iron. It sometimes contains sulphate of amn»-
nia, however, which, being also volatile, cannot be thus detected.
To ascertain the presence of the latter salt, add the muriate or ni-
trate of barytes, which will indicate the sulphate by a copious, and
insoluble precipitate.

XXII Acetate of Potash,— -Potassa Acctas, P. L.

Genuine acetate of potash is perfectly soluble in four times its
weight of alcohol, and may thus be separated from other salts that
are insoluble in alcohol. The tartrate of potash (soluble tartar) is
the adulteration most likely to be employed. This may be discov-
ered by adding a solution of tartaric acid, which, if the suspected
salt be present, will occasion a copious precipitate. The tar-
trate is also detected by its forming a precipitate with acetate
of lead or muriate of barytes, soluble in acetic or muriatic acid ;
and sulphates by a precipitate with the same agents, insoluble in
acids.

XXIII. — Neutral Tartrate of Potash, — Potasste Tartras, P. L. —
Soluble Tartar.
This salt should afford a very copious precipitate on adding tar-
tarous acid. The only salt likely to be mixed with it is sulphate
of soda, which may be detected by a precipitate with muriated ba-
rytes, insoluble in diluted muriatic, acid.

XXIV.— Acidulous Tartrate of Potash. — Potasste Sufiertartras,
P. L. — Cream of Tartar.
The only substance with which this salt is likely to be adulterat-
ed is sulphate of potash. To determine whether this be present,
pour, on about half an ounce of the powdered crystals, two or
three ounce-measures of distilled water ; shake the mixture fre-
quently, and let it stand one or two hours. The sulphate of pot-
ash, being more soluble than the tartrate, will be taken up ; and
may be known by the bitter taste of the solution, and by a precipi-
tate, on adding muriate of barytes, which will be insoluble in mu-
riatic acid,

§84 DETECTION OF ADULTERATION!*. CHAP. Ui

XXV. — Compound Tartrate of Soda and Potash, — Soda Tartar!'
zata, P. L. — Rochelle or Seignette's Salt.
Sulphate of soda, the only salt with which this may be expect-
ed to be adulterated, is discovered by adding to a solution of Roch-
elle salt the acetate of lead or muriate of barytes. — The former, if
the sulphate be present, affords a precipitate insoluble in acetous
acid, and the latter one insoluble in muriatic acid.

XXVI. — Sulphate of Magnesia, — Magnesia Sulphas, P. L.— -Ep-
som Salt.

This salt is very likely to be adulterated with sulphate of sodai
or Glauber's salt, which may be made to resemble the magnesian
salt in appearance, by stirring it briskly at the moment when it is
about to crystallize. The fraud may be discovered very readily
if the salt consist entirely of the sulphate of soda, because no pre-
cipitation will ensue on adding carbonate of potash. If only a
part of the salt be sulphate of soda, detection is not so easy, but
may still be accomplished. For, since 100 parts of pure sulphate
of magnesia give between 30 and 40 of the dry carbonate, when
completely decomposed by carbonate of potash, if the salt under
examination afford a considerably less proportion, its sophistica-
tion may be fairly inferred : or, to discover the sulphate of soda,
precipitate all the magnesia by pure ammonia, with the aid of heat.
Decant the clear liquor from the precipitate, filter it, and, after
evaporation to dryness, apply such a heat as will volatilize the sul-
phate of ammonia, when that of soda will remain fixed.

Muriate of magnesia or of lime may be detected by the salt be-
coming moist when exposed to the air, and by a precipitation with
nitrated silver, after nitrate of barytes has separated all the sul-
phuric acid and magnesia. Lime is discoverable by oxalic acid.

XXVII. — Sulphate of Alumine, Hum.

Perfectly pure alum should contain neither iron nor copper.
The former is manifested by adding, to a solution of alum, prus-
siate of potash, and the latter by an excess of pure ammonia.

XXVIII.—- Borate of Soda, — Soda Boras, P. L.-^-Borax.
Borate of soda, if adulterated at all, will probably be so with al-
um or fused muriate of soda. To discover these, borax must be
dissolved in water, and its excess of alkali be saturated with ni-
tric acid. Nitrate of barytes, added to this saturated solution,
will detect the sulphuric salt, and nitrate of silver the muriate of
soda.

«HAP. HI. USE OF TESTS TO ARTISTS. 291

XLlX.-<Sfiirit of Wine, Alcohol y and JEthers.
The only decisive mode of ascertaining the purity of spirit of
wine and of aethers, is by determining their specific gravity. High-
ly rectified alcohol should have the specific gravity of 800 to 1000.
Common spirit of wine 8Sr. Sulphuric sether 739. The sfiiritus
atkeris sul/ihurici, P. L. or sweet spirit of vitriol, about 753, — and
nitric sether, the sfiiritus ^stheris nilrosus, or sweet spirit of nitre,
908. The aethers ought not to redden the colour of litmus, nor
ought those formed from sulphuric acid to give any precipitation
with solution of barytes.

L. — Essential or Volatile Oils.
As essential oils constitute only a very small proportion of the
vegetables from which they are obtained, and bear generally a very
high price, there is a considerable temptation to adulterate them.
They are found sophisticated, either with cheaper volatile oils,
with fixed oils, or with the spirit of wine. The fixed oils are dis-
covered by distillation with a very gentle heat, which elevates the
essential oils, and leaves the iixed ones. These last may, also,
be detected by moistening a little writing-paper with the suspect-
ed oil, and holding it before the fire. If the oil be entirely essen-
tial, no stain will remain on the paper. Alcohol, also, detects the
fixed oils, because it only dissolves the essential onesj and the
mixture becomes milky. The presence of cheaper essential oils
is discovered by the smell. Alcohol, a cheaper liquid than some
of the most costly oils, is discovered by adding water, which, if
alcohol be present, occasions a milkiness.

CHAPTER III.

WSE OF CHEMICAL RE-AGENTS TO CERTAIN ARTISTS AND MAN-
UFACTURERS.

TO point out all the beneficial applications of chemical substan-
ces to the purposes of the arts, would require a distinct and very
extensive treatise. In this place I have no farther view than to
describe the mode of detecting adulterations in certain articles of
commerce ; the strength and purity of which are essential to the
success of chemical processes.

292 t/SE OF TESTS TO ARTISTS. CHAP. MS- .•

l.—Mode of detecting the Adulteration of Potashes, Pearlashesf
and Barilla.

Few objects of commerce are sophisticated to a greater extent
than the alkalis, to the great loss and injury of the bleacher, the
dyer, the glass-maker, the soap-boiler, and of all other artists who
are in the habit of employing these substances. In the first part
of this work (see vol. i. page 223) I have already given rules for
discovering such adulterations : and to what has been said, I ap-
prehend it is only necessary to add the directions of Mr. Kirwan,
intended to effect the same end, but differing in the mode They
are transcribed from his paper, entitled, " Experiments on the Al-
kaline Substances used in Bleaching;" — see Transactions of the
Irish academy for 1789.*

" To discover whether any quantity of fixed alkali worthy of at-
tention exists in any saline compound, dissolve one ounce of it in
boiling water, and into this solution let fall a drop of a solution of
sublimate corrosive ; this will be converted into a brick-colour, if
an alkali be present, or into a brick-colour mixed with yellow, if
the substance tried contains lime.

" But the substances used by bleachers being always impreg-
nated with an alkali, the above trial is in general superfluous, ex-
cept for the purpose of detecting lime. The quantity of alkali is
therefore what they should chiefly be solicitous to determine, and
for this pijfl'pose,

" 1st, Procure a quantity of alum, suppose one pound, reduce
it to powder, wash it with cold water, and then put it into a tea-
pot, pouring on it three or four times its weight of boiling water.

« 2cKy, Weigh an ounce of the ash or alkaline substance to be
tried, powder it, and put it into a Florence flask with one pound of
pure water (common water, boiled for a quarter of an hour, and
aftei wards filtered through paper, will answer ;) if the substance
to be examined be of the nature of barilla or potash, or halfapound
ofwaterifit contain but little earthy matter, as pearlash. Let
them boil for a quarter of an hour ; when cool, let (he solution be
filtered into another Florence flask.

" 3dly, This being done, gradually pour the solution of alum
hot into the alkaline solution also heated ; a precipitation will im-
mediately appear ; shake them well together, and let the efferves-

* Directions for the assay of potash, by the intervention of nitrate of
strontites, may be found in the 41st volume of the Annates de Chimie, page
113.

chap, m- USE or TESTS to artists. 293

cence, if any, cease before more of the aluminous solution be add-
ed;" continue the addition of the alum until the mixed liquor,
when clear, turns syrup of violets or paper tinged blue by radishes,
or by litmus, red ; then pour the liquor and precipitate on a pa-
per-filter, placed in a glass funnel. The precipitated earth will
remain on the filter ; pour on this a pound or more of hot water,
gradually, until it passes tasteless ; take up the filter, and let the
earth dry on it until they separate easily. Then put the earth into
a cup of Staffordshire ware, place it on hot sand, and dry the earth
until it ceases to stick to glass or iron ; then pound it, and reduce
it to powder in the cup with a glass pestle, and keep it a quarter
of an hour in a heat of from 470° to 500°.

« 4thly, The earth being thus dried, throw it into a Florence
flask, and weigh it ; then put about one ounce of spirit of salt into
another flask, and place this in the same scale as the earth, and
counterbalance both in the opposite scale ; this being done, pour
the spirit of salt gradually into the flask that contains the earth ;
and, when all effervescence is over (if there be any,) blow into the
flask, and observe what weight must be added to the scale contain-
ing the flasks to restore the equilibrium ; subtract this weight
from that of the earth, the remainder is a weight exactly firo/ior-
Honed to the weight of mere alkali of that particular species which
is contained in one ounce of the substance examined ; all beside
is superfluous matter.

" I have said, that alkalis of the same sfiecies may thus be direct-
ly compared,, because alkalis of different species cannot but re-
quire the intervention of another proportion ; and the reason is,
because equal quantities of alkalis of different species precipitate
unequal quantities of earth of alum : Thus 100 parts, by weight,
of mere vegetable alkali precipitate 78 of earth of alum, but 100
parts of mineral alkali precipitate 170.8 parts of that earth- There-
fore the precipitation of 78. parts of earth of alum, by vegetable al-
kali, denotes as much of this, as the precipitation of 170.8 of that
earth by the mineral alkali, denotes of the mineral alkali. Hence
the quantities of alkali in all the different species of potashes, pearl-
ashes, weed or wood ashes, may be immediately compared with
the above test, as they all contain the vegetable alkali ; and the
different kinds of kelp or kelps manufactured in different places,
and the different sorts of barilla, may thus be compared, because
they all contain the mineral alkali. But kelps and potashes, as
they contain different sorts cf alkali, can only be compared togeth-
er by means of the proportion above indicated."

294, STSE OF TESTS TO ARTISTS. CHAP. II

11.-— Mode of detecting the Adulteration of Manganese.
In the section on drugs, instructions may be found for discover-
ing impurities in several chemical preparations, employed by the ;
artist, as cerusse or white lead, red lead, verdegris, &c. No rules,
however, have been given for examining manganese, which is a
substance that varies much in quality, and is often sophisticated ;
as the bleachers experience, to their no small disappointment and
loss.

The principle defect of the manganese arises from the admix-
ture of chalk, which is not always an intentional adulteration, but
is sometimes found united with it, as it occurs in the earth. When
to this impure manganese mixed with muriate of soda, the sulphu-
ric acid is added, the materials effervesce and swell considerably,
and a large proportion passes into the receiver ; in consequence
of which the bleaching liquor is totally spoiled. This accident
has, to my knowledge, frequently happened, and can only be pre-
vented by so slow and cautious an addition of the acid, as is near-
ly inconsistent with the business of an extensive bleaching work.
The presence of carbonate of lime may be discovered in mangan-
ese, by pouring, on a portion of this substance, nitric acid diluted
with 8 or 10 parts of water. If the manganese be good, no effer-
vescence will ensue, nor will the acid dissolve any thing; but, if
carbonate of iime be present, it will be taken up by the acid. To
the solution add a sufficient quantity of carbonate of potash to pre-
cipitate the lime, wash the sediment with water, and dry it. Its
weight will show how much chalk the manganese under examina-
tion contained.

Another adulteration of manganese, that may, perhaps, be some-
times practised, is the addition of some ores of iron. This impu-
rity is less easily discovered. But if the iron be in such a state of
oxidation as to be soluble in muriatic <acid, the following process
may discover it. Dissolve a portion, with the assistance of heat,
in concentrated muriatic acid, dilute the solution largely with dis-
tilled water, and add a solution of crystallized carbonate of potash.
The manganese will remain suspended, by the excess of carbonic
acid, on mixing the two solutions, but the iron will be precipitated
in the state of a coloured oxide.

From an observation of Klaproth (Essays, vol. i. page 572,) it I
appears that oxides of iron and manganese are separable by nit
trous acid with the addition of sugar, which takes up the manga-
nese on! v.

SECT. IK- ANALYSIS OF SOILS. 301

The chemical substances, or re-agents, required for separating
the constituent parts of the soil, are muriatic acid (spirit of salt,)
sulphuric acid, pure volatile alkali dissolved in water, solution of
prussiate of potash, soap lye, solution of carbonate of ammonia, of
muriate of ammonia, solution of neutral carbonate of potash, and
nitrate of ammonia. An account of the nature of these bodies,
and their effects, may be found in the chemical works already no-
ticed ; and the re-agents are sold, together with the instruments
mentioned above, by Mr. Knight, Foster-lane, Cheapside, arrang-
ed in an appropriate chest.

IV — Mode of collecting Soils for Analysis.

In cases when the general nature of the soil of a field is to be
ascertained, specimens of it should be taken from different places,
two or three inches below the surface, and examined as to the
similarity of their properties. It sometimes happens, that upon
plains the whole of the upper stratum of the land is of the same
kind, and in this case, one analysis will be sufficient ; but in val-
leys, and near the beds of rivers, there are very great differences,
and it now and then occurs that one part of a field is calcareous,
and another part siliceous ; and in this case, and in analogous
cases, the portions different from each other should be separately
submitted to experiment.

Soils when collected, if they cannot be immediately examined,
should be preserved in phials quite filled with them, and closed
with ground glass stoppers.

The quantity of soil, most convenient for a perfect analysis, is
from two to four hundred grains. It should be collected in dry
weather, and exposed to the atmosphere till it becomes dry to the
touch.

The specific gravity of a soil, or the relation of its weight to
"that of water, may be ascertained by introducing into a phial,
which will contain a known quantity of water, equal volumes of
water and of soil ; and this may be easily done by pouring in wa-
ter till it is half full, and then adding the soil till the fluid rises to
the mouth ; the difference between the weight of the soil and that
of the water will give the result. Thus if the bottle contains four
hundred grains of water, and gains two hundred^grains when half
filled with water and half with soil, the specific gravity of the soil
will be 2, that is, it will be twice as heavy as water, and if it gain-
ed one hundred and sixty- five grains, its specific gravity would
be 1825, water being 1000.

302 ANALTSIS O* SOILS. CttAP. IV.

It is of importance, that the specific gravity of a soil should be
known, as it affords an indication of the quantity of animal and
vegetable matter it contains ; these substances being always most
abundant in the lighter soils.

The other physical properties of soils should likewise be ex-
amined before the analysis is made, as they denote, to a certain
extent, their composition, and serve as guides in directing the ex-
periments. Thus siliceous soils are generally rough to the touch,
and scratch glass when rubbed upon it ; aluminous soils adhere
strongly to the tongue, and emit a strong earthy smell when
breathed on ; and calcareous soils arc soft, and much less adhe-
sive than aluminous soils.

V.— -Mode of ascertaining' the Quantity of Water of Absorption

in Soils.

Soils, though as dry as they can be made by continued expo-
sure to air, in all cases still contain a considerable quantity of wa-
ter, which adheres with great obstinacy to the earths and animal
and vegetable matter, and can only be driven off from them by a
considerable degree of heat. The first process of analysis is, to
free the given weight of soil from as much of this water as possi-
ble, without in other respects affecting its-composition ; and this
may be done by heating it for ten or twelve minutes over an Ar-
gand's lamp, in a bason of porcelain, to a temperature equal to
300°* Fahrenheit ; and in case a thermometer is not used, the
proper degree may be easily ascertained, by keeping a piece of
wood in contact with the bottom of the dish ; as long as the col-
our of the wood remains unaltered, the heat is not too high ; but
when the wood begins to be charred, the process must be stopped.
A small quantity of water will perhaps remain in the soil even af-
ter this operation, but it always affords useful comparative re-
sults ; and if a higher temperature were employed, the vegetable
or animal matter would undergo decomposition, and in conse-
quence the experiment be wholly unsatisfactory.

The loss of weight in the process should be carefully noted ;
and when in 400 grains of soil it reaches as high as 50, the soil
may be considered as in the greatest degree absorbent, and reten-
tive of water, and will generally be found to contain a large pro-
portion of aluminous earth. When the loss is only from 20 to 10,

* In several experiments, in which this process has been carried on by
distillation, I have found the water that came over pure, and no sensibly
quantity of other volatile matter was produced.

9BCT. Ill- ANALYSIS OF SOILS. 30S

the land may be considered as only slightly absorbent and reten-
tive, and the siliceous earth as most abundant.

VI. — Of the Separation of Stones, Gravel, and Vegetable Fibresy
from Soils.
None of the loose stones, grave), or large vegetable fibres should
be divided from the pure soil till after the water is drawn off; for
these bodies are themselves often highly absorbent and retentive}
and in consequence influence the fertility of the land. The next
process, however, after that of heating, should be their separation,
which may be easily accomplished by the sieve, after the soil has
been gently bruised in a mortar. The weights of the vegetable
fibres or wood, and of the gravel and stones, should be separately
noted down, and the nature of the last ascertained ; if calcareous,
they will effervesce with acids ; if siliceous, they will be sufficient-
ly hard to scratch glass; and if of the common aluminous class of
stones, they will be soft, easily scratched with a knife, and incapa-
ble of effervescing with acids.

XII. — Separation of the Sand and Clay, or Loam, from each

other.

The great number of soils, besides gravel and stones, contain
larger or smaller proportions of sand of different degrees of fine-
ness ; and it is a necessary operation, the next in the process of

i analysis, to detach them from the parts in a state of more minute
division, such as clay, loam, marl, and vegetable and animal mat-,
ter. This may be effected in a way sufficiently accurate, by agK

j tation of the soil in water. In this case, the course sand will gen-
erally separate in a minute, and the finer in two or three minutes,
whilst the minutely divided earthy, animal, or vegetable matter,
will remain in a state of mechanical suspension for a much longer
time ; so that, by pouring the water from the bottom of the vessel,
after one, two, or three minutes, the sand will be principally sepa-
rated from the other substances, which, with the water containing
them, must be poured into a filter, and after the water has passed
through, collected, dried, and weighed. The sand must likewise
be weighed, and their respective quantities noted down. The wa-
ter of lixiviation must be preserved, as it will be found to contain
the saline matter, and the soluble animal or vegetable matters, if
any exist in the soil.

3<M ANALYSIS OF SOILS. CHAP. IX.

VIII. — Examination of the Sand.
By the process of washing and filtration, the soil is separated
into two portions, the most important of which is generally the
finely divided matter. A minute analysis of the sand is seldom
or never necessary, and its nature may be detected in the same
manner as that of the stones or gravel. It is always either silice-
ous sand, or calcareous sand, or a mixture of both. If it consist
wholly of carbonate of lime, it will be rapidly soluble in muriatic
acid, with effervescence ; but if it consist partly of this substance,
and partly of siliceous matter, the respective qualities may be as-
certained by weighing the residuum after the action of the acid,
which must be applied till the mixture has acquired a sour taste,
and has ceased to effervesce. This residuum is the siliceous
part : it must be washed, dried, and heated strongly in a crucible ;
the difference between the weight of it and the weight of the
Whole, indicates the proportion of calcareous sand.

IX, — Examination of the finely divided Matter of Soils, and Mode
of detecting mild Lime and Magnesia.
The finely divided matter of the soil is usually very compound
in its nature ; it sometimes contains all the four primitive earths
of soils, as well as animal and vegetable matter ; and to ascertain
the proportions of these with tolerable accuracy, is the most diffi-
cult part of the subject.

The first process to be performed, in this part of the analysis,
is the exposure of the fine matter of the soil to the action of the
muriatic acid. This substance should be poured upon the earthy
matter in an evaporating bason, in a quantity equal to twice the
\> eight of the earthy scatter, but diluted with double its volume of
water. The mixture should be often stirred, and suffered to re-
main for an hour, or an hour and a half, before it is examined.

If any carbonate of lime, or of magnesia, exist in the soil, they
will have been dissolved in this time by the acid, which some-
times takes up likewise a little oxide of iron, but very seldom any
alumine.

The fluid should be passed through a filter ; the solid matter
collected, washed with rain water, dried at a moderate heat, and
weighed. Its loss will denote the quantity of solid matter taken
up. The washings must be acided to the solution, which, if not
sour to the taste, must he made to by the addition of fresh acid,
when a little solution of common prussiate of potash must be mix-
ed with the whole. If a blue precipitate occurs, it denotes the

»ECT. III.

ANALYSIS OF SOILS. 305

presence of oxide of iron, and the solution of the prussiate must
3e dropped in till no farther effect is produced. To ascertain its
quantity, it must be collected in the same manner as other solid
, precipitates, and heated red ; the result is oxide of iron.

Into the fluid, freed from oxide of iron, a solution of neutralized
;orbonate of potash must be poured till all effervescence ceases
.n it, and till its taste and smell indicate a considerable excess of
ilkaline salt.

The precipitate that falls down is carbonate of lime ; it must
oe collected on the filter, and dried at a heat below that of red-
ness.

The remaining fluid must be boiled for a quarter of an hour,
when the magnesia, if any exist, will be precipitated from it, com-
ained with carbonic acid, and its quantity is to be ascertained in
:he same manner as that of the carbonate of lime.

If any minute proportion of alumine should, from peculiar cir-
cumstances, be dissolved by the acid, it will be found in the pre-
ipitate with the carbonate of lime, and it may be separated from
it by boiling for a few minutes with soap lye, sufficient to cover
:he solid matter. — This substance dissolves alumine, without act-
ng upon carbonate of lime.

Should the finely divided soil be sufficiently calcareous to ef-
fervesce very strongly with acids, a very simple method may be
adopted for ascertaining the quantity of carbonate of lime, and one
sufficiently accurate in all common cases.

Carbonate of lime, in all its states, contains a determinate pro-
proportion of carbonic acid. i. e. about 45 per cent. ; so that when
the quantity of this elastic fluid, given out by any soil during the
solution of its calcareous matter in an acid, is known, either in
weight or measure, the quantity of carbonate of lime may be easi-
ly discovered.

When the process by diminution of weight is employed, two
parts of the acid, and one part of the matter of the soil must be
weighed in two separate bottles, and very slowly mixed together
:ill the effervescence ceases ; the difference between their weight
before and after the experiment, denotes the quantity of carbonic
acid lost ; for every four grains andta half of which, ten grains of
carbonate of lime must be estimated.

The best method of collecting the carbonic acid, so as to dis-
cover its volume, is by the pneumatic apparatus, the construction
and application of which is described at the end of this paper.
vol. ii. 39

306 ANALYSIS OF SOILS. CHAP. ft.

The estimation is, for every ounce measure of carbonic acid, two
grains of carbonate of lime. x

X. — Mode of ascertaining the Quantity of insoluble finely divided
Animal and Vegetable Matter.

After the fine matter of the soil has been acted upon by muriat-
ic acid, the next process is to ascertain the quantity of finely di-
vided insoluble animal and vegetable matter that it contains.

Tnis may be done with sufficient precision, by heating it to
strong ignition in a crucible over a common fire till no blackness
remains in the mass. It should be often stirred with a metallic
wire, so as to expose new surfaces continually to the air ; the loss
of weight that it undergoes denotes the quantity of the substance
that it contains destructible by fire and air.

It is not possible to ascertain whether this substance is wholly
animal or vegetable matter, or a mixture of both. When the
smell emitted during the incineration is similar to that of burnt
feathers, it is a certain indication of some animal matter ; and a
copious blue flame at the time, of ignition, almost always denotes
a considerable proportion of vegetable matter. In cases when the
experiment is needed to be very quickly performed, the destruc-
tion of the decomposible substances may be assisted by the agen-:
cy of nitrate of ammonia, which, at the time of ignition, may be
thrown gradually upon the heated mass, in the quantity of twenty
grains for every hundred of residual soil. It affords the principle
necessary to the combustion of the animal and vegetable matter,
which it causes to be converted into elastic fluids ; and is itself at
the same time decomposed and lost.

XL — Mode of separating Aluminous and Siliceous Matter, and
Oxide of Iron.

The substances remaining after the decomposition of the vege-
table and animal matter, are generally minute particles of earthy
matter, containing usually alumine and silex with combined ox-«
idi of iron.

o separate these from each other, the solid matter should bej
boikd for two or three hoifrs with sulphuric acid, diluted with!
four .imcs its weight of water ; the quantity of the acid should bej
regulated by the quantity of solid resiouum to be acted on, allow-;
ing for every hundred grains two dracums, or one hundred and'
twenty grains of acid.

The substance, remaining after the action of the acid, maybe

met. in.

ANALYSIS OP SOILS. 3*3

XX. Advantages of Improvements made by changing the Com-
position of Earthy Parts of Soils.
From the great difference of the causes that influence the pro-
ductiveness of lands, it is obvious, that, in the present state of sci-
ence, no certain system can be devised for their improvement, in*
j dependent of experiment; but there are few cases in which the
jlabour of analytical trials will not be amply repaid by the certain-
ty with which they denote the best methods of amelioration ; and
this will particularly happen, when the defect of composition is
.> found in the proportions of the primitive earths.

In supplying animal or vegetable manure, a temporary food on-
ly is provided for plants, which is in all cases exhausted by means
,of a certain number of crops ; but when a soil is rendered of the
best possible constitution and texture, with regard to its earthy
parts, its fertility may be considered as permanently established.
It becomes capable of attracting a very large portion of vegetable
nourishment from the atmosphere, and of producing its crops with
comparatively little labour and expense.

Description of the Apparatus for the Analysis of Soils.
PI. iv. fig. 44 ; a, b, c, cf, c, f The different parts of the appa?
-ratus required for measuring the quantity of elastic fluid given out
during the action of an acid on calcareous soils, a Represents
{the bottle for containing the soil ; b, the bottle containing the a-
icid, furnished with a stop-cock ; c, the tube connected with the
flaccid bladder ; d, f, the graduated measure ; e, the bottle for
[Containing the bladder. When this instrument is used, a given
quantity of soil is introduced into a ; b, is filled with muriatic a-
cid, diluted with an equal quantity of water ; and the stop-cock
■being closed, is connected with the upper orifice of a, which is
ground to receive it. The tube c is introduced into the lower ori-
fice of a, and the bladder connected with it placed in its flaccid
fState in e, which is filled with water. The graduated measure is
ijplaced Under the tube of e. When the stop-cock of b is turned,
the acid flows into a, and acts upon the soil ; the elastic fluid gene-
rated passes through c into the bladder, and displaces a quantity
sf water in e equal to it in bulk, and this water flows through the
iitube into the graduated measure ; the water in which gives, by
jits volume, the indication of the proportion of carbonic acid disen-
gaged from the soil ; for every ounce measure of which two grains
of carbonate of lime may be estimated.
vol. ii. 40

314 XJSE OF RE-AGENTS* CHAP. V,

CHAPTER V.

MISCELLANEOUS USES OF CHEMICAL RE-AGENTS. *

I.— -Removal of Ink Stains.
THE stains of ink on cloth, paper, or wood, may be removed'
by almost all acids ; but those acids are to be preferred which are
least likely to injure the texture of the stained substance. The
muriatic acid, diluted with five or six times its weight of. water,-
may be applied to the spot, and, after a minute or two, may be
washed off, repeating its application as often as may be found ne-
cessary. But the vegetable acids are attended with less risk, and
are equally effectual. A solution of the oxalic, citric, or tartaric
acids, in water, may be applied to the most delicate fabrics, with-
out any danger of injuring them ; and the same solutions discharge
from paper, written, but not printed, ink. Hence they may be
employed in cleaning books, which have been defaced by writing
on the margin, without impairing the text.

II. — Iron Stains.
These may be occasioned either by ink stains, which, on the
application of soap, are changed into iron stains, or by the direct
contact of rusted iron. — They may be removed by diluted muriat-
ic acid, or by one of the vegetable acids already mentioned.
When suffered to remain long on cloth, they become extremely
difficult to take out, because the iron, by repeated moistening with,
water and exposure to the air, acquires such an audition of oxy-
gen as renders it insoluble in acids. Even these spots, however,
may be discharged, by applying first a solution of recently pre-
pared muriate of tin, which must be well washed from the cloth r
and afterwards a liquid acid. The muriate of tin, in this case, ex-
tracts part of the oxygen from the iron, and renders it soluble in
dilute acids.

III.-— Fruit and Wine Stains.
These are best removed by a watery solution ofthe oxygenized
muriatic acid (see chap. xiv. sect. 3,) or by that of oxygenized
muriate of potash or lime, to which a little sulphuric acid has been
added. The stained spot may be steeped in one of these solutions
till it is discharged ; but the solution can only be applied with
safety to white goods, because the uncombined oxygenized acid
discharges all printed and dyed colours. A convenient mode of

CHAT. V. USE OF RE-AGENTS. 31,5

•

applying the oxygenized acid, easily practicable by persons who
have not the apparatus for saturating water with the gas, is as fol-
lows : Put about a table-spoonful of muriatic acid (spirit of salt)
into a tea-cup, and add to it about a tea-spoonful of powdered man-
ganese. Then set this cup in a larger one filled with hot water.
Moisten the stained spot with water, .and expose it to the fumes
that arise from the tea-cup. If the exposure be continued a suffi-
cient length of time, the stain will disappear.

Stains on silk may be removed by a watery solution of sulphu-
rous acid, or by the fumes of burning sulphur.

IV.-—Sfiots of Grease
May be removed by a diluted solution of pure potash ; but this
must be cautiously applied, to prevent injury to the cloth. - Stains
of white wax, which sometimes fall upon the clothes from wax
candles, are removeable by spirit of turpentine or sulphuric ether,
—The marks of white paint may also be discharged by the last-
mentioned agents,

Si4

APPENDIX I.

OF THE RECENT DISCOVERIES IN CHEMISTRY.

oince this work was committed to the press, several new
facts have been discovered, the importance of which requires that
they should be noticed, though published too late to be inserted
|n their proper place. Of these the principal part are contained
in Mr. Davy's last communication to the Royal Society, a copy of
of which he has been so obliging as to transmit to me, previously
to its publication in the Philosophical Transactions.* These dis-
coveries lead to some changes in the views, which have been giv-
en in the first volume, of the nature of certain chemical agents.
In researches, indeed, so refined and complicated, and involving so
many sources of error, it is to be expected that frequent changes
will be required, both in the enunciation of facts, and in the con-,
elusions deduced from them.

1.— On Ammonia— -Its Formation from Charcoal and Pearlash~—
Presence of Oxijgen in it — Amalgam of Mercury and Ammo-
mum.

From the researches of Mr. Davy, of which an outline has been
given at page 194 vol. i. it appeared to follow that, by the action
of potassium on ammonia, the nitrogen which enters into the con-
stitution of that alkali, suffers a decomposition, since a less quan-
tity of nitrogen gas is obtained by the agency of this metal than by
electrical analysis. At the same time the increased production of
hydrogen gas pointed out hydrogen as a probable element of ni-
trogen. MM. Gay Lussac and Thenard, however, have asserted
that the fusible substance, generated by heating potassium in am-
monia, may be made to give out the whole of the ammonia which
has been absorbed by the process, two fifths as ammonia, one fifth
as hydrpgen and nitrogen ; and the remaining two fifths, by the
addition of water, in the form of volatile alkali. They agree whjk,-
Mr. Davy as to the evolution of hydrogen ; but maintain that as
all the ammonia is recovered, the hydrogen gas must be furnish-
ed by the decomposition of potassium.

These discordant results have led Mr. Davy to repeat his for-
yncr experiments, with the observance of every possible precau-
* Part I. for IS 10,

v RECENT DISCOVERIES. 325

however, it is partially decomposed by the air in the water, so that
it is not easy to say whether the power is inherent in it, or de-
pends on the diffusion of a small quantity of muriatic acid through it.
In other respects, it resembles a weak acid, combining with water
and the alkalis. It precipitates most metallic solutions. It is in-
stantly decomposed by oxy-muriatic acid, depositing a film at first
metallic, but which is soon converted into muriate of tellurium.

The phenomena produced by substituting arsenic for telluri-
um in similar experiments were considerably different. Arsenic,
made the negative surface in water, became dark coloured and
threw down a brown powder, but it likewise gave off a considera-
ble quantity of hydrogen gas. Negatively electrified in contact
wim solid potash, an alloy of potassium and arsenic was formed of
a dark grey colour and perfectly metallic, which gave off arsenu-
retted hydrogen by the action of water. Potassium and arsenic,
simply heated together, combined with such violence as to exhibit
an actual inflammation, and yielded a similar alloy.

By heating these alloys of tellurium and arsenic with potassium
in ammoniacal gas, an elastic fluid was generated, which consisted
of four sixths nitrogen, instead of being pure hydrogen, as in the
action of potassium alone. If it be said, then, that the metal and
not the ammonia is decomposed in processes of this kind, it must
be considered (Mr. Davy argues) in some cases as a compound of
nitrogen, and in others as a compound of hydrogen, which are con-
tradictory assumption's.

V. — Nature of Sulphur, Phosphorus, and their Combinations with
Hydrogen.
From the experiments of Mr. Davy, of which an abstract is giv-
en in the first volume, it appeared extremely probable that both
sulphur and phosphorus contain hydrogen. The intense ignition,
which these bodies exhibit during their combination with potas-
sium, led him also to suspect that they might contain oxygen ; but
this inference has since been rendered questionable by the fact,
that similar phenomena attend the action of potassium on tellurium
and arsenic. Neither is the diminution of the power of potassium
to decompose water, after its union with sulphur and phosphorus,
so clearly established, as to furnish proof of the presence of oxy-
gen in these bodies. The idea, however, is still support, d by sev-
eral analogies, and especially by their property of being non-con-
ductors of electricity.

$26 APPENDIX 1.

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, Mr. Davy states to weigh 35 grains
for 100 cubical inches; and as the gas contains a volume of hy.
drogen gas precisely equal to its own, it will consist of 2.27 hy-
drogen, and 32.73 sulphur ; and hence 100 parts by weight will
contain

93.51 sulphur
6.49 hydrogen

100

When sulphuretted hydrogen is decomposed by common elec-
tricity, there is a slight diminution of volume, and the precipitated
sulphur appears to contain a little hydrogen ; but when Voltaic
sparks are transmitted through it, the sulphur is precipitated in
its common form, and there is no change of volume.

Arsenuretted and phosphuretted hydrogen gases are also de*
composed by electricity without changing their bulk. But nei-
ther arsenic nor phosphorus are separated in their ordinary states.
The phosphorus has' a dark colour, and the arsenic is a brown I
powder; and both substances probably contain hydrogen, ifpo-j
tassium be brought into contact with these gases in smaller quan- I
tity than is. necessary to decompose the whole, there is always an I
expansion of volume. Both gases, therefore, must contain morel
than their own volume of hydrogen, probably half as much more I
or twice as much more. From experiments on the weight of these
gases, Mr. Davy finds that 100 cubic inches of arsenuretted hy-
drogen weigh about 15 grains, and lOOcubic inches of phosphuret- I
ted hydrogen about 10 grains. Mr. Dalton, however, from recent
experiments, is disposed to consider phosphuretted hydrogen as
much heavier; and to rale the 100 cubical inches at 26 grains.

VI. — Of Mr. Dalton's J\'env System of Chemical Elements.

I have already (vol. i. page 60) stated very briefly the principle
«n which Mr. Dalton has founded his new system of chemical el-
ements, or what may be called the utomic system. ' Into the details
of this theory, or the analogies on which it rests, I. have purposely,
however, foreborn to enter ; because nothing more than a brief
outline has hitherto been laid before the public by the author him-
self. In the second pail of his " New System of Chemical Philos-
ophy," which is nearly ready for publication, not only the facts*
many of which have been obtained by his own elaborate research-
es, but the train of reasoning to which they have led, will be fully
developed. In the mean time 1 subjoin-, from the first pan vi

RECENT DISCOVERIES.

327

dr. Dalton's work, the table of the relative weights of several
iodies, with some corrections, resulting from his late experience,
vhich he has been so obliging as to communicate to me. To ex-
Wain the method in which these numbers have been deduced, it
nay be proper to add the following remarks.

Let us suppose that any two elementary bodies a and b form a
•inary compound, and that they have been proved experimentally
o unite in the proportion by weight of 5 of the former to 4 of the
alter ; then, since according to the hypothesis, they unite parti-
ble to panicle, these numbers will express the relative weights of
:heir atoms. But besides combining atom to atom singly, one a-
i.ora of a may also combine with 2 of b or with 3, 4, &c. Or, re-
versely, 1 of b may unite with 2 of a or with 3, 4, &c. When such
i series of compounds exists, the relative proportion of their ele-
ments ought necessarily, on analysis, to be proved to be 5 of a to 4
jf b ; or 5 to (4 4- 4=)8 ; or 5 to (4 + 4 4- 4 =) 12 ; &c. ; or,
contrariwise, 4 of b to 5 of c, or 4 to (5 + 5 =) 10 ; or 4 to (5 -j- 5
4- 5 =) 15. Between these, there ought to be no intermediate
compounds ; and the existence of any such would be fatal to
the hypothesis.

To verify these numbers, it may be proper to examine the com-
binations of a and b with some third substance, for example with
c. Let us suppose that in the binary compound of a and c, analy-
sis discovers 5 parts of the former and 3 of the latter. Then, if c
. and b are also capable of forming a binary compound, their rela-
tive proportions by weight in this compound ought to be 4 of b to
i3 of c, since these numbers denote the relative weight of their a-
toms. Now this is precisely the method, by which Mr. Dalton
has deduced and verified the relative weights of oxygen, hydro-
gen, and nitrogen ; the two first from the known composition of
water ; and the two last froaa th« proportion of the elements of
s ammonia. Extending the comparison to a number of other bod-
ies, he has obtained a scale of the relative weights of their atoms.

The hypothesis, therefore, although its leading principle be a
gratuitous assumption, must stand or fall by the results of analy-
sis. The instances in which it agrees with these results, are al-
ready very numerous ; and none have hitherto been shown to be
directly contradictory to it. If it should continue to derive support
from the progress of discovery, its importance will be scarcely
less felt in assisting and directing future investigations, than in de*
termining the accuracy of our present knowledge.

328 APPENDIX I.

Relative weights of the ultimate atoms of several bodies.

Hyarogen

Potassium

Nitrogen

Strontites

Carbon

Barytes

Oxygen

Iron

Phosphorus

Zinc

Sulphur

Copper

Magnesia

Lead

Lime

Silver

100

Soda

Platina

100

Sodium - 29 Gold - 140

Potash - 42 Mercury - 167

BINARY COMPOUNDS.

An atom of water or steam, composed of one oxygen
and one hydrogen, retained in physical contact by a strong
affinity ; and supposed to be surrounded by a common at-
mosphere of heat ------- . g

An atom of ammonia, composed of one atom of nitrogen
and one atom of hydrogen ------ 6

An atom of nitrous gas composed of one atom of nitro-
gen and one of oxygen - - - - - 12

An atom of olefiant gas composed of one atom of car-
bon and one of hydrogen ------ 6

An atom of carbonic oxide composed of one atom of
carbon and one of oxygen ------ 12

An atom of sulphuretted hydrogen composed of one
atom of sulphur and one of hydrogen - - - 14

TERNARY COMPOUNDS.

An atom of nitrous oxide two nitrogen and one oxy-
gen - - 17

An atom of nitric acid one nitrogen and two oxy-
gen ----------19

An atom of carbonic acid one caibon and two oxy-
gen - --19

An atom of carburetted hydrogen one carbon and
two hydrogen --7

QUATERNARY COMPOUNDS.

Oxy-nitric acid. One aiom ot niaogen -f three oxy-
gen ----26

Sulphuric acid. One sulphur -+- three oxygen - 34

Alcohol. Three carbon -f one hydrogen * - 16

RECENT RECOVERIES. 329

Nitrous acid. One nitric acid + one nitrous gas - 31
.Acetic acid. Two carbon + two water 26

Nitrate of ammonia. One nitric acid + one ammonia
•f- one water ..------33

Sugar. One alcohol + o' ie carbonic acid - - 35

VII. Proportion of the Elements of some Combinations.

The precise determination of the composition of neutral and
ither salts is of the greatest importance, not only for the facts
hemselves, but still more for their application in almost every
pecies of analysis, and their influence on the general doctrines of
hemistry. On this subject Berthier has lately contributed some
tew experiments ;* and Berard has published a valuable memoir.
The muriates of barytes and silver have been examined by the
brmer, and found to be composed as follows.
Muriate of barytes in crystals consists of

Base 64

Acid - - - - 21
Water - - - - 15

100
Deprived of water, the same salt is composed of
Base - - - 75.3

Acid - - - 24.7

100
The muriate of silver consists of

Acid - - - - 18.3
Silver 75

Oxygen - - - 6 7.

100
This determination agrees very nearly with Gay Lussac's latest
experiment, quoted by Berard, viz.

Acid - - - - 18.03
Base - - - - 81.97

100

M. Berard's researches! were directed chiefly to the analysis of
die alkaline carbonates and sub-carbonates; but several other salts
were examined in the course of the inquiry.

The saturated carbonates of potash and soda were formed by
mingling the solutions of their sub-carbonates with one of sub-

* Nicholson's Journal, xxiv; 384. f Annales de Chimie, lxxi. 41.
vol. ii. 42

Acid.

Base.

Water.

42.01

48.92

9.07

23.83

56.17

20.0

49.95

29.85

20.20

13.98

23.33

62.69

330 APPENDIX. I.

carbonate of ammonia. The sub-carbonates of the same alkalis
were formed by fusing their carbonates, a process which always
affords them in an uniform state as to the proportion of their ele-
ments. The sub-carbonate of soda, it has been long known, may
be obtained in crystals ; and Berard confirms the fact that sub-
carbonate of potash is also capable of assuming a regular form.
To obtain it in this state, supertartrate of potash is to be calcined,
lixiviated, and the solution evaporated to the degree necessary for
forming crystals, which are to be dried by blotting-paper. When
these crystals are exposed to a sufficient degree of heat, they are
entirely deprived of water; but retain their carbonic acid.

The following are the proportions of the ingredients in 100
grains of the crystallized salts.

Carbonate of potash

Sub-carbonate of ditto -

Carbonate of soda

Sub-carbonate of ditto -

Setting apart the water of crystallization, M. Berard has given

the following table of the composition of neutral salts, deduced.

from his own experiments.

Salts.
Muriate of potash

soda -

Sulphate of barytes - , -

potash

soda -

Nitrate of potash
Carbonate of potash

soda

Sub-carbonate of potash
soda -

VIII On the Combustion of different Kinds of Charcoal — the

Proportions of Oxygen and Carbon in Carbonic Acid— and the

Combustion of Hydrogen Gas.

M. Saussure has lately published a memoir on this subject,
which contains very ample and. interesting details. f Its great
length, however, will prevent me from giving more than a sum-
mary of the results of his experiments.

Plumbago, he found, when burned in oxygen gas, gives only

* Erroneously printed in the original 49.19.

| Annates de Chimie, lxxi. 254 ; Nicholson's Journal, xxvi. 161, 300.

Base.

Acid.

Total

66.66

33.34

100

57.00

43 00

100

67.70

32.30

100

57 24

42.76

100

4722

52.78

100

48.64

51.36

100

53 81

46.19*

100

44 38

5562

100

70.21

29.79

100

62.53

37.47

100

RECENT DISCOVERIES. 331

carbonic acid and oxide of iron, without any mixture either of
. water or hydrogen gas. The products of this combustion estab-
lish that 100 grains of plumbago consist of 96 grains of carbon
and four of iron; and that 100 grains of carbonic acid contain be-
tween 27.04 and 27.38 grains of carbon.

Next to plumbago, the purest kind of charcoal, which M. Saus-
surewas able to procure, was that obtained by transmitting through
a red-hot tube, the essential oil of rosemary. Its combustion af-
forded no water, and only a very minute quantity of carburetted
hydrogen, too small in amount to affect the accuracy of the re-
sults. The composition of carbonic acid, deduced in this way,
was 27.11 carbon and 72.89 oxygen.

-The combustion of anthracite (glance-coal or stone-coal) and
of charcoal of box-wood gave a product both of water and of car-
buretted hydrogen too considerable to allow much confidence to
be placed in the results. The same substances were formed when
charcoal was used, which had been employed in preparing the li-
quid sulphuretted hydrogen.* Hence it may be inferred that sul-
phur does not deprive charcoal of its hydrogen. M. Saussure is
disposed to admit, with Mr. Davy, that sulphur contains both
oxygen and hydrogen ; the former of which, he supposes, unites
with the hydrogen, while the latter combines with the carbon.

The conclusion, that oxygen gas sustains no change of volume
by conversion into carbonic acid, is not impeached by these ex-
periments. But when any of those varieties of charcoal were
used, which contain hydrogen, a small increase of volume took
place, if the hydrogen happened to escape unburned ; and a dim-
inution, if it was wholly consumed during the combustion.

In the course of his inquiries, M. Saussure had occasion to make
some observations on several eudiometrical processes. Lime-
water and even barytes water, he finds, are not adapted for remov-
ing small quantities of carbonic acid from oxygen gas ; because
the water of the solution acts on oxygen gas ; of which it absorbs
a small quantity abandoning at the same time a little nitrogen. A
much better agent is the concentrated solution of potash, used o-
ver mercury, and in a quantity barely sufficient to effect the ab-
sorption.

The eudiometer of Volta, M. Saussure has found, in common
with other chemists, not to be perfectly accurate. If the oxygen
gas be in excess, the nitrogen which it contains, it is well known,
* See vol. i. page 267,

032- APPENDIX I.

is apt to be condensed into nitric acid.* But it even appears*
from M. Saussure's researches, that an excess of hydrogen does
not insure precision ; for, in this case/ he has discovered that ni- j
trate of ammonia is generated. The slow inflammation of hydro-
gen gas and of all tlie varieties of carburetted hydrogen in atmo-
spheric air, is attended with a production of nitrate of ammonia.

Lastly, M. Saussure has added the important observation that
all the varieties of hydrogen gas, even those which hitherto have
been deemed quite pure, whether obtained by the solution of met-
als in dilute acids ; by the decomposition of water by Voltaic elec-
tricity ; or by passing ammonia through a red-hot tube, contain
charcoal and probably even oxygen also, for they all yield carbon-
ic acid when inflamed with an excess of oxygen gas. When
there is a deficiency of oxygen, the carbon remains unconsumed ;
but in this case the residuary hydrogen contains a greater propor-
tional quantity of charcoal. The purest hydrogen, that M. Saus-
sure has been able to obtain, yielded, by combustion with a redun-
dance of oxygen, a quantity of carbonic acid equal to three thou-
sandths of its bulk.

IX. — On the Tenacity of Ductile Metals.
M. Guyton Morveau has lately made a series of experiments
on the tenacity of metals, the results of which do not exactly ac-
cord with those which have been heretofore obtained. With re-
gard to copper, platina, silver, gold, and iron, his experiments a-
gree with the statement given by Dr. Thomson in his System of
Chemistry ; but with respect to other metals tluy differ considerably.

A wire of 0.787 of a line Supported before it

English in diameter of broke,

' y ' < Y

lb. avoird. Deeimal parted

Iron 549 250

Copper 302.278

Platina ----- 274.320
Silver - - - - - 187.137

Gold 150.753

Zinc .... - 109.540

Tin - - - - - - 34.630

Lead 27 62 If

It has generally been stated that lead, by the process of flatting,
contrary to other metals, sustains a diminution of specific gravity;
* Some g-cod remarks on this subject by Berthollet, jun. may be consult-
ed in Nicholson's Journal, xxv. 154.

| Annates de Chimie, lxxi. 189 ; or Nicholson's Journal, xxvi. 102-

RECENT DISCOVERIES. 333

and M. Morveau, on repeating the experiment, found it to be cor-
rect. But when the lead is prevented from escaping laterally, by
stamping the metal in a very strong collar, its density was ascer-
tained to be increased from 1 1 .358 to 1 1 388.

M. Morveau has determined, also, that the purest distilled wa-
ter exerts a speedy action on lead, even when the water is con-
tained in glass vessels, so as to exclude all galvanic influence.
This effect, he finds, is connected with the presence of air in wa-
ter ; that it ceases as soon as the water is no longer capable of
furnishing air ; and that it does not take place at all in water,
which has been thoroughly purged of air by long boiling or by the
air-pump. What is most singular, however, and would require
farther experiment before it could be admitted, is, that the pres-
ence of any neutral salt, as the sulphates, nitrates, muriates, &c.
even, for instance, 0.002 of sulphate of lime, is sufficient to ob-
struct this action both in open and covered vessels.

X. — Properties of Nickel.
A set of experiments on nickel have lately been made by Pro-
fessor Tourte of Berlin,* in consequence of his having to prepare
a needle of that metal for the Royal Mineralogical Cabinet.

The colour of nickel, he compares to that of silver of twelve
i deniers heated to redness. The metal takes a fine polish, and has
I then a lustre intermediate between that of steel and platina. When
ignited, the colour is changed to that of antique bronze. The in-
tensity of this colour increases every time the metal is heated,
and a stain of oxide is left which is removed by nitric acid. —
When ignited in oxygen gas, it burns and throws out sparks.

At 54|° Fahrenheit M. Tourte found the specific gravity of
nickel slightly hammered 8. 402, and thoroughly hammered 8.932.
It is ductile and tenacious, and may be drawn into the slenderest
wire. It cannot easily be soldered, on account of a crust of oxide
which forms on its surface. Its power of conducting heat is su-
perior to that of either zinc or copper, with both of which it was
compared.

The magnetic property of nickel is very remarkable, and is re-
tained after being alloyed with a minute quantity of arsenic. Ox-
idation, however, diminishes it, even when the metal is oxidized
only to such a degree as to be slightly tarnished. Healing it red-
hot, for six times in succession, destroyed also its magnetic pow-
er. Its polarity, M. Tourte considers as entirely acquired, and as
never existing without the previous application of a magnet.
* Nicholson's Journal xxvi. 99 ; or Annates de CJiimie, lxxi.

334

APPENDIX II.

CONSISTING OF VARIOUS USEFUL TABLES.

No. I.

CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN ENGLISH AND FOREIGN WEIGHTS

AND MEASURES.

I. — English Weights and Measures.
Troy Weight.

Pound.
1

Ounces.
= 12 =

Drams. Scruples.
96 = 286 =

Grains.
5760

Grammes.
= 3/296

1 =

8 = 24 «:

480

= 31.08

1 = 3 =

= 3.885

1 =

20
1

= 1.295
= 0.06475

Pound.
1

Ounces.
= 16 =

Avoirdupois Weight.
Drams. Grains.
^56 = 7oUO =

Grammes.
463.25

1 =

16 = 437.5

28 328

1 = 27.34:

75 =

1.7705

Gal.
1

Pints.

Measures.
Ounces. Drains.
128 = IU^'4 =

Cub. Inches. Litres.
2.3 J = 3.78515

1 =

16 = 128 =

28 875 = 0.47398

1 = 8 =

1.8047 = 0.02957

1 —

0.2256 = 0.00396

N. B. — The English ale-gallon contains 282 cubical inches.

II. — German.
71 lbs. or grs. English troy, = 74 lbs. or grs. German a-

pothecaries weight.
1 oz. Nuremberg, medic, weight, = 7 dr. 2. sc. 9 gr. English,
1 mark Cologne, = 7 oz. 2 dwt. 4 gr. Eng-

lish troy.

lli.-r— Dutch.
1 lb. Dutch, == 1 lb. 3 oz. 16 dwt. 7 gr. English troy.
787| lbs. Dutch, = 1038 lbs. English troy.

OLD FRENCH WEIGHTS, &C. 335

jy_ Swedish Weights and Measures, used by Bergman and

Scheele.

The Swedish pound, which is divided like the English apothe-
cary, or troy, pound, weighs 6556 grs. troy.

The kanne of pure water, according to Bergman, weighs 42250
Swedish grains, and occupies 100 Swedish cubical inches. Hence
the kanne of pure water weighs 48088.719444 English troy grains,
or is equal to 189.9413 English cubic inches; and the Swedish
longitudinal inch is equal to 1.238435 English longitudinal inches.

From these data the following rules are deduced :

1. To reduce Swedish longitudinal inches to English, multiply
by 1.2384, or divide by 0.80747.

2. To reduce Swedish to English cubical inches, multiply by
1.9, or divide by 0.5265.

3. To reduce the Swedish pound, ounce, dram, scruple, or
grain, to the corresponding English troy denomination, multiply
by 1.1382, or divide by .8786.

4. To reduce the Swedish kannes to English wine pints, multi-
ply by .1520207, or divide by 6.57805.

5. To reduce Swedish kannes to English wine gallons, multiply
by .82225 oa' divide by 1.216.

6. The lod, a weight sometimes used by Bergman, is the 32d

I part of the common Swedish pound of 16 oz. and the 24th part of
I the pound of 12 oz. Therefore to reduce it to-the English troy
pound, multiply by .03557, or divide by 28. 1 156.

V. — Correspondence of English Weights and Measures with those
used in France before the Revolution.

§ I.— AVEIGHTS.

The Paris pound, fioids de marc of Charlemagne, contains 9216
* Paris grains ; it is divided into 16 ounces, each ounce into 8 gros,
and each gros into 72 grains. It is equal to 7561 English troy-
grains.

The English troy pound of 12 ounces contains 5760 English
troy grains, and is equal to 7021 Paris grains.

The English avoirdupois pound of 16 ounces contains 700d
English troy grains, and is equal to 8532.5 Paris grains.

To reduce Paris grains to English troy grains, di-~)

Videby . " " • " " . ' • " I 12189

To reduce English troy grains to Paris grains mul- \

tiply by ... J

To reduce Paris ounces to English troy, divide by )

To reduce English troy ounces to Paris, multiply by y 5 ^ 54

336 APPENDIX II.

Or the conversion may be made by means of the following ta-
bles :

1. — To reduce French to English Troy Weight.

The Paris pound = 7561 "^

The ounce = 472.5625 I ~ ,. , „

rv\ U„ «- n , *>Enghsh troy grains.

The gros = 59.0703 \ ° • °

The grain = .8204J

2. — To reduce English Troy to Paris Weight.

The English troy pound of 1 2 ounces = 702 1 .

The troy ounce = 5b5.08S3

The dram of 60 grains - - = 73.1354

The penny-weight or denier of 24 5 _ „ „ . ^-Paris grains.

grains - - - 5 ~~

The scruple of 20 grains - = 24.3784 |

The grain = 1.2 189 J

3. — To reduce English Jlvoirdujiois to Paris Weight.

The avoirdupois pound of 16 ounc-) _ .. 1

es, or, 7000 troy grains £ L Paris grs.

The ounce - - = 533 6250 J

§. II. LONG AND CUBICAL MEASURES.

To reduce Paris running feet, or inches, into Eng-
lish, multiply by - - - - - ^.1.065977
English running feet, or inches, into Paris, divide by

To reduce Paris cubic feet, or inches, to English,

' multiply by J. 1.21 1278

English cubic feet, or inches, to Paris, divide by

Or by means of the following tables :

4. — To reduce Paris Long Measure to English.

The French toise = 6.3945 English feet.

The Paris royal foot of 12 inches = 12.7977"}

The inch - = 1.0664 I _. r , . ,

-i>u i- i ,o t u e • u «ooo 5> English inches.

Ihe line, or 1-1 2th of an inch = .0888 \ &

The l-12th of a line - - = .0074J

5. — To reduce English Long Measure to French.

The English foot - - — 11.2596"^

The inch - - - - = .9383 J

The l-8th of an inch = .1 173 }>Paris inches.

The l-10th = .0938 |

The 1-1 2th - - — .0782 J

®LD FRENCH WEIGHTS, &C. 337

6. To reduce French Cube Measure to English.

ThePari 8 cube> li3U378 l English fl

foot - S *.*»«« L cubical < > inches.

The cubic inch = .000700 J feet, or (_ 1.211278 J

7. — To reduce English Cube Measure to French.*

The English cube foot, or 1728 £ _ 1427 4g64 l

cubical inches > ' '.French cubi-

The cubical inch - = .8260 f cal inches.

The cube tenth - = .0008 J

§ III. — MEASURE OF CAPACITY.

The Paris pint contains 58.!45t English cubial inches, and the
English wine pint contains 28.875 cubical inches ; or, the Paris
pint contains 2.0171082' English pints, and the English pint con-
tains .49617 Paris pints ; hence,

To reduce the Paris pint to the English, multi-1

ply by [► 2.0171082

To reduce the English pint to the Paris, divide by J

The septier of Paris is 7736 French, or 9370 45 English, cubi-
cal inches ; and the muid is 92832 French, or 1 12445.4 English,
cubical inches.

* To convert the weight of a French cubic foot, of any particular sub-
stance given in French grains, into the corresponding weight of an English
cubic foot in English troy grains, multiply the French grains by 0.6773181j
and the product is the number of English troy grains contained in an Eng-
lish cubic foot of the same substance.

-f- It is said by Belidor, Archit. Hydrant, to contain 31 oz. 64 grs. of wa-
ter, which makes it 58.075 English inches ; but, as there is considerable
uncertainty in the determinations of the weight of the French cubical
measure of water, oving to the uncertainty of the standards made use of,
it is better to abide by Mr. Everard's measure, which was made by the Ex-
chequer standards, and by the proportions of the English and French foot,
as established \>y the French Academy and Royal Society.

According to Beaume, the Paris pint contains 32 French ounces of wa-
ter, at the temperature of 54.5° of Fahrenheit; which would make it equal
to 59.729 English cubical inches-.

vol. ir. 43

APPENDIX II.

VI.— -Table, showing the Comparison between French and Eng-
lish Grains. (Poid de Marc.)

French grs.=EngHsh grs.

English grs.=French grs.

* 1

0.8203

1.2189

1.6407

2.4378

2.4611

3.6568

3.2815

4.8757

4.1019

6.0947

4.9223

7.3136

5.7427

8.5325

6.5631

9.7515

7.3835

10.9704

8.203

12.189

16.407

24.378

24.611

36.468

32.815

48.757

41.019

60.947

49 223

73.136

57.427

85.325

65.631

97.515

73.835

109.704

100

82.03

100

121.89

200

. 164.07

200

243.78

300

246.11

300

365.68

400

328.15

400

487.57

500

410.19

500

609.4ft

600

492.23

600

731.36

700 f

574.27

700

853.25

800

656.31

800

975.15

900

738.35

900

1097.04

1000

820.3

1000

1218.9

2000

1640.7

2000

2437.8

3000

2461.1

3000

3656-8

4000

3281.5

4000

4875.7

5000

4101.9

500(

6r-94 7

6000

4*22.3

60t >0

75U.6

7000

57427

7000

8532.5

8000

6563.1

8000

9751.5

9000

7383.5

9000

10970.-1

* 10,000

8203.0

, 1

10,000

12189.0

* Per Farey (Nicholson's Journal, xxii. 338,) 1 grain French
English j 10,000 ditto == 8204 ditto.

0.8204

FRENCH AND ENGLISH CUBIC INCHES.

339

VII.— Table, showing the Comfiarison between French and Eng-
lish Cubical Inches.

Cubic Inches.

Cubic Incites-

French = English.

English ss French.

1.2136

08239

2.4272

1.6479

3.6408

24719

4.8544

3-2958

6.0681

4 1198

7.2817

4.94j8

8.4953

5.7677

9.7089

65917

10.9225

7.4157

12.136

8.239

24272

16.479

36408

30 24719

48.544

32.958

60,681

41.198

72817

49,438

84.953

57.677

97 089

65.917

109.225

74.157

100

121.36

100 82.39

200

24272

200

164.79

300

364.08

300

247.19

400

485.44

400

329.58

500

60681

500

411.98

600

728.17

600

494.38

700

849.53

700

576.77

800

970.89

800

659.17

900

1092.25

900 741.57

1000

1213.6

1000

823.9

2000

2427.2

2000

1647.9

3000

3640.8

3000

2471.9

4000

4854.4

4000

3295.8

5000

6068.1

5000

41 19.8

600W

7281.7

6000

4943.8

7000

8495.3

7000

57677

8000

9708.9

8000

6591.7

9000

10922.5

9000

74157

10,000

121360

10,000

8239.0

■ i , . ■ .

340

APPENDIX II.

VIII.-AV W French Weights and Measures (calculated by 2>|
JDuncan, jun.J

1 — Measures of Length : the Metre being at 32°, and the
Foot at 62°.

Millimetre

Centimetre

Decimetre

Metre '■

Decametre =

Hecatometre =

Kilometre = 39371.00000 =

English Inches..
.03937

.39371

3.93710

39.37100

Mil. Fur. Yds. Feet. In.
393.71000 =00 10 2 9.7
3937.10000 =00

109 1 1
4 213 1 10.2
Myriometre = 393710.00000 = 6 1 156 6

2.— Measures of Capacity.

Cubic laches.

Millilitre =

.06103

Centilitre =

.61028

English.

Decilitre =

6.10280

Tons.

Hogs. Wine G. Pints,

Litre =

61.02800

0. 2.1133

Decalitre =

610.28000

'ss

2. 5.1352

Hecatolitre =

6102.80000

26.419

Kilolitre =

61028.00000

12.19

Myriolitre =

610280.00000

1 58.9

3. — Measures of Weight.

English Grains

Milligramme = • .0154

Centigramme = .1544

Decigramme = 1.5444 Avoirdufiois.

Gramme = 15.4440 x, «

iu.ii-hu Poan. Oun. Dram.

Decagramme = 154.4402 =00 5.65

Hecatogramme = 1544.4023 = 3 8.5

Kilogramme = 15444.0234 =235

Myriogramme = 154440.2344 =22 1 2

REDUCTION OF OUNCE MEASURES, &C. 341

IX.— Reduction of the Ounce Measures used by Dr. Priestley to
Cubical Inches.

Ounce

French Cubical

English Cubical

Measures..

Inches.

1.567

1.898

3.134

3.796

4.701

5.694

6.268

7.592

7.835

9.490

9.402

11.388

10.969

13.286

12.536

15.184

14.103

17.082

,10

15.670

18.980

31.340

37.960

47.010 .

56.940

62.680

75.920

78.350

94.900

94.020

113.880

109.690

132860

125.360

151.840

141.030

170.820

100

156.700

189.800

1000

1567.000

1898.000

342

APPENDIX II

X. — Table, showing the absolute Weights and Sficcific Gravities
of Gases, and the Quantity of tach absorbed by Water.

(Temperature 60° Fahrenheit, Barometer 30°.)

o
o *

Specific Gravity

KIND OF GAS.

Standard.

Water.

Air.

Water

1000

Atmospheric air

31.

1.2279

1000

S.K.

f Oxygen gas

34.

1.35

1103

37.

£ $ Ditto ditto
g x^ Azouc gas

34.74

1.39

1127

30.535

1.21

985

1.53

iK 6 j Ditto ditto

^Hydrogen gas

30.45

1.20

980

2.613

0.1031

1.61

r Ammonia

18.16

0.715

585

Ditto

18.

0.713

580

47500.

Ffydro-carburetfrom stag- ~)
nant water 5

20.66

666

Dal.

1.40

Ditto from water over ig- ?
nited charcoal 5

14-5

468

Cr.

Ditto from alcohol

16.

516

Cr.

Ditto from ether

20.

645

Cr.

Ditto from coal

20.2

650

Dal.

■x)

Phosphuretted hydrogen

26.

839

Dal.

2.14

Sulphuretted ditto

34.286

1.36

1142

108.

Ditto ditto

38.17

1231

Th.

Olefiant gas

28.18

905

Dei.

12.5

Dal.

Vapour of alcohol

65.*

2100

Dal.

-Ditto of ether

70.f

2250

Dal.

"Carbonic oxide

30.

1.185

967

Cr.

2.01

-sj

Nitrous oxide

50.1

1.985

1615

86.

«1

Nitric oxide

37.

1.465

1193

^Ditto ditto

34.3

1.36

1105

■

''Carbonic acid

46.5

1.84

1500

108.

Ditto ditto

45.5

1.802

1470

Muriatic acid

44.7?

1.765

1430

51500.

r-^

Ditto ditto

59.8

1929

Nitric acid

76.

2425

^Sulphurous

70.215

2.75

2240

3300.

B. Brison ; Cr. Cruickshank ; D. Davy ; Dal. Dalton ; Dei,
Deiman ; H. Henry ; K. Kirwan ; S. Shuckburgh ; T. Thomp*
son ; Th. Thenard.

* Of temperature 190° Fahrenheit, and force = 30 inches of mercury.
j Of temperature 100° Fahrenheit, and force == 30 inches of mercury.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF GASES.

34S

JLl.—Table of the Sfiecific Gravities of various Simfile and Com-
pound Gases.

(Gay Lussac, Memoires d' Arcveil, vol. ii. p. 252.)

GASES,

Densities determined by Ex-
periment.

Densities, calculat-
ed from the Pro-
porti&n of the Ek'
ments, and their
Contraction of Vol
ume.

Atmospheric air
Oxygen gas
Nitrogen gas
Hydrogen gas
Carbonic acid
Ammonia

Muriatic acid

Nitrous Oxide

Nitrous gas
Sulphurous acid
Carbonic oxide
Steam of water
Oxymuriatic acid

1.00000

1.10359

0.96913 v

0.07321 )>Biot and Arago.

1.5196 J
0.59669J

1 278 5 *^ 0t anc * ***
\ Lussac.

\ 1.61414 Davy.

1 1.36293 Berthollet.

1.0388 Berard.

2.2650 Kirwan.

0.9569 Cruickshank.

0.6896 Trales.

2.470 Thenard.

0.59438 (1)

1.52092 (2)
1.03636 (3)

0.96782 (4)
0.625 (5)
2.468 (6)

(1) Supposing the contraction of the elements to be one half their total"
volume.

(2) The contraction of the elements being supposed equal to the whole
•xygen gas.

(3) The contraction being supposed equal to half the whole volume.

(4) Supposing that 100 carbonic acid produce 100 carbonic oxide ; and
lose, at the same time, 50 oxygen.

(5) Supposing the contraction equal to the volume of the oxygen gas,

(6) Supposing the condensation to be half the total volume,

344

APPENDIX II*

XII. — Table of. the Proportions of several Compounds, whose Ele*

ments are Gaseous.

(Gay Lussac, Mem. d' Arcueii, vol. ii. p. 253.

SUBSTANCES.

Mur. of ammonia
Neutral carbon, of ~ (
ammonia *

Sub-carbon, of do.
Fluobor. of do.
Sub-fluob. of do.
Water

Nitrous oxide
Nitrous gas
Nitric acid
Ditto ditto
Nitrous acid gas
Ammonia
Sulphuric acid
Sulphurous acid
Oxymur. acid gas
100 cai'bon. acid
100 ditto ditto
100 carbonic oxide

Propoi'tions in volume.
A

100 amnion, gas

100 ditto

100 hyd. gas

100 nitrogen gas

100 ditto

200 nitrous gas

300 ditto

100 nitrogen gas

100sulphs.ac.gas

300 m. ac. gas
100 oarb. ox. gas

50 ox. gas

100 mftr. gas

100 car. ac. gas

50 ditto
100 fluob. gas
50 ditto
50 oxygen gas
50 ditto
100 ditto
209 ditto
100 ditto
100 ditto
300 hyd. gas
50 oxygen gas

100 ditto
50 ditto
100 ditto

Proportions in weight.

. A "_

base 38.35
do. 28.19
do. 43.98

ox. 86.733
nit. 63.72
do. 46.757
do. 30.512
do. do.
do. 34.507
do. 81.525
sulr.-42.016
do. 52.083
m. ac. 77.65
carb.27.376
do. do.
carb.42.99

acid 61.65
do. 71.81
do. 56.02

hyd. 13.267
ox. 36.28
do. 53.243
do. 69.488
do. do.
do. 65.493
do. 18.4?5
do. 57.984
do. 47.917
do. 22.35
do. 72.624
do. do.
do. 57.01

XIII. — Rules for reducing' the Volume of Gases to a mean height
of the Barometer, and mean Temperature.

1. From the space occupied by any quantity of gas under an ob-
served degree of pressure, to infer what its volume would be under
the mean height of the barometer, taking this at 30 inches, as is now
most usual. .

This is done by the rule of proportion ; for, as the mean height
is to the observed height, so is the observed volume to the volume
required. For example, if we wish to know what space would be
filled, under a pressure of 30 inches of mercury, by a quantity of
gas. which fills 100 inches, when the barometer is at 29 inches,
30 : 29 : : 100 : 96.66.

The 100 inches would, therefore, be reduced to 96.66.

2. To estimate what would be the volume of a portion of gas, if
brought to the temperature of 60° Fahrenheit.

Divide the whole quantity of gas by 430; the quotient will show
the amount of its expansion or contraction by each degree of Fah-
renheit's thermometer. Multiply this by the number of degrees
which the gas exceeds, or falls below, 60°. If the temperature of
the gas he above 60°, subtract, or if below 60°, add, the product to
the absolute quantity of gas ; and the remainder in the first case,
or sum in the second, will be the answer. Thus, to find what
?pace 100 cubic inches of gas at 5«° would occupy if raised to 60°, I
divide 100 by 480 ; the quotient 0.208 multiplied by 10 gives 2.08,

CORRECTION OF THE VOLUME OF OASES. 345

which added to 100, gives 102.08 the answer required. If the
temperature had been 70°, and we had wished to know the vol-
ume, which the gas would have occupied at 60°, the same num-
ber 2.08 must have been subtracted from 100, and 97.92 would
have been the answer.

f 3. In some cases, it is necessary to make a double correction,
or to bring the gas to a mean both of the barometer and thermome'
ter. We must then first correct the temperature, and afterwards
the pressure. Thus to know what space 100 inches of gas at 70°
Fahrenheit, and 29 inches barometer, would fill at 60° Fahrenheit
i and 30 inches barometer, we first reduce the 100 inches, by the
second process, to 97.92. Then by the first

30 : 29 : : 97.92 : 94.63.

Or 100 inches, thus corrected, would be only 94.63.

4. To ascertain what would be the absolute weight of a given
•volume of gas at a mean temperature, from the known weight of
an equal volume at any other temperature ; first, find by the sec-
ond process what would be its bulk at a mean temperature ; and
then say, as the corrected bulk is to the actual weight, so is the
observed bulk to the number required. Thus if we have 100 cu-
bic inches of gas weighing 50 grains at 50° Fahrenheit, if the tem-
perature were raised to 60° they would expand to 102.08." And

102.08 : 50 : : 100 : 49.

Therefore 100 inches of the same gas at 60° would weigh 49
grains.

5. To learn the absolute weight of a given volume of gas under
a mean pressure, from its known weight under an observed pres-
sure, say, as the observed pressure is to the mean pressure, so is
the observed weight to the corrected weight. For example, hav»
ing 100 inches of gas which weigh 50 grains under a pressure of
29 inches, to know what 100 inches of the same gas would weigh,
the barometer being 30 inches,

29 , : 30 : : 50 : 51.72.

Then 100 inches of the same gas, under 30 inches pressure, would
weigh 51.72 grains.

6. In some cases it is necessary to combine the two last calcu-
lations. Thus, if 100 inches of gas at 50° Fahrenheit, and under
29 inches pressure, weigh 50 grains, to find what would be the
weight of 100 inches at 60° Fahrenheit, and under 30 inches of
the barometer, first correct the temperature, which reduces the
weight to 49 grains. Then,

29 : 30 : ; 49 : 50.7.

One hundred inches, therefore, would weigh 50.7 grains.
vol. j*. 44

546

APPENDIX II.

XIV. — Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Substances.*

Specific

Grav.

GEMS.

ST0ITEB, &C.

— _._

l3iamond, white, oriental

3.5212

Jasper, brown

2.6911

Topaz, oriental

4.0106

Granite, Egyptian

2.6541*

Sapphire, oriental

3.9941

Rock crystal

2.6530

Garnet, Bohemian

4.1888

Chalcedony, bright

2.6640

Beryl, oriental

3.5489

Carrara marble

2.7168

Hyacinth, common

3.6873

Alabaster, oriental

2.7302

Emerald, from Peru

2.7755

Carnelian

2.6137

Crysolithe, from Brazil

2.6923

Slate, common for roofs

2.8535

Amethyst, oriental

2.651

Flint

2.5941

Ruby, oriental

4.2833

Agate, oriental

2.5901

Portland-stone

2.533

STONES, 8cc.

Serpentine, green, Italian

2.4295

Ponderous spar

4.4300

Opal, noble

2.144

X'orphyry

2.7651

Pumice-stone

0.9145

SALTS.

Hassen-

Muschen-

fratz.

Kirwan.

brock.

Newton.-

Potash

1.7085

4.6215

Lime

1.5233

2.3908

2.3700

Magnesia

0.3460

2.3298

Alumine

0.8200

2.0000

Barytes •

23740

4.0000

Sulphate of potash

2.4073

2.636

2-398

— ■ alumine

1.7109

1.7260

1.714

1.9120
1.8399
2.1943

1.9
1.88

1.712

2.23

Isfitrate of potash

1.9369

1.933

1.901

1.90*

Muriate of soda

2.2001

2.0835

2.143

Acetate of lead

2.345G

2.3953

Super-tartrate of potash

1.9153

1.8745 .

Sub-borate of soda

1.723C

1.7170

L714

Carbonate of potash

2.012C

2.749

soda

1.3591

1.421

r „- „ ~ „ ; „

0.966C
Specific

1.8245

1.5026

— ammonia

Specifif

Grav.

INFLAMMABLES.

Roll-sulphur

Graw

'CLASSES ANT) \ 1XRIFIC ATIO^i o.

Green bottle glass 2. 7325

1.9907

French crystal glass

2.8922

Phosphorus

1.714

French mirror-glass, from

St.

Pit-coal

1.3292

Gobin

2.4882

Amber

1.0789

English flint-glass

3.3203

Heaviest charcoal

0.441

China porcelain

- 2.3847

Mineral naphtha

0.708

Camphor

0.9887

Liquid amn

onia

0.8970

* For the specific gravities of the metals, see Table of the Qualities of
Metals, near the close of this Appendix.

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.

547

Table of Specific Gravities of Solid and Liquid Substances, — con-.

tinued.

Specific

Specific.

WATERS.

Distilled water

Grav.

1.0000

Common gum

1.4817

Sea-water

1.0263

Gum Arabic

1.4523

Water from the Asphaltic Sea 1.2403

Gum tragacanth

1.3161

ACIDS.

GUM-RESINS.

Sulphuric acid of commerce

1.8500

Asafcetida

1.3275

Sulphuric acid, real

2.1250

Scammonium, from Smyrna

1.2743

Nunc acid

1.5800

Galbanum

1.2120

Muriatic acid

1.1940

Concentrated acetic acid

1.0626

RESINS.

Guaiacum

1.2289

SPIRITUOUS LI4UIDS.

Jalap

1.2185

Madeira wine

1.0.382

Ammoniacum

1.2071

Cyder

1.0181

Benzoe

.1.0924.

Brown beer

1.0338

Sandarac

1.0920

Burgundy wine

0.9915

White resin

1.0819

Champaigne wine

0.962

Colophony

1.0441

Brandy

0.8371

Mastich

1,0742

Alcohol*

0.8293

Copal, transparent

1.0452

Nitric ether

0.9088

Elastic resin

0.9335

Acetic ether

0.8664

Sulphuric etherj-

0.7396

INSPISSATED JUICES.

Muriatic ether

0.7296

Aloe succotrina

1.3795

Opium

1.3366

ETHEREAL OILS.

Oil of cinnamon

1.0439

WOODS.

Oil of cloves

1.0363

Lignum guaiacum

1.3330

Oil of lavender

0.8938

Box wood, Dutch

1.3280

Spirit of turpentine

0.8697

French box wood

0.912

Ebony

1.2090

FAT OILS.

Heart of old oak

1.1700

Linseed oil

0.9403*

Mahogany

1.063

Poppy oil

0.9283

Olive tree

0.9270

Oil of sweet almonds

0.9170

Mulberry tree, Spanish

0.8970

Olive oil

0.9153

Beech tree

0.8520

Yew tree, Spanish

0.8070

ANIMAL FLUIDS.

Apple tree

0.7930

Asses' milk

1.0355

Plum tree

0.7850

Cows' milk

1.0324

Maple tree

0.7550

Human milk

1.0203

Cherry tree

0.7150

Human urine

1.0106

Quince tree

0.7050

Orange tree

0.7050

ANIMAL FATS,

Walnut tree

0.6710

Spermaceti

0.9433

Pear tree

0.6610

Butter

0.9423

Cypress, Spanish

0.6440

Tallow

0.9419

Pine tree

0.5500

Mutton suet

0.9235

White Spanish poplar tree

0.5294

Train oil

0.9235

Cork

0.2400

Hogs' lard

0.9568

Ivory

1.825

Bees' wax

0.9648

* Per Chaussier 0.7980.

f Per Lovitz 0.6320.

348 APPENDIX II*

XV. — >Bulesfor calculating- the Absolute from the Sfiecific GravU
ties of Bodies.

In 1696, Mr. Everard, balance maker to the Exchequer, weigh-
ed before the commissioners of the House of Commons 2145.6
cubical inches, by the Exchequer standard foot, of distilled wa-
ter, at the temperature of 55° of Fahrenheit, and found it to weigh
1131 oz. 14 dts. troy, of the Exchequer standard. The beam
turned with 6 grs. when loaded with 30 pounds in each scale.
Hence, supposing the pound avoirdupois to weigh 700O grs. troy,
a cubic foot of water weighs 62i pounds avoirdupois or 1G0O
ounces avoirdupois, wanting 106 grains troy. And hence, if the
specific gravity of water be called 1000, the proportional specific
gravities of all other bodies will nearly express the number of a-
voirdupois ounces in a cubic foot. Or, more accurately,' suppos-
ing the specific gravity of water expressed by 1, and of all other
bodies in proportional numbers, as the cubic foot of water weighs,
at the above temperature, exactly 437489.4 grains troy, and the
cubic inch of water 253.175 grains, the absolute weight of a cu-
bical foot or inch of 'any body in troy grains may be found by mul-
tiplying their specific gravity by either of the above numbers re-
spectively.

By Everard's experiment, and the proportions of the English
and French foot, as established by the Royal Society and French
Academy of Sciences, the following numbers are ascertained :

Paris grains in a Paris cube foot of water = 64551 1

English grains in a Paris cube foot of water = 529922

Paris grains in an English cube foot of water = 533247

English grains in an English cube foot of water =437489.4

English grains in an English cube inch of water = 253.175

By an experiment of Picard with the measure and
weight of the Chatelet, the Paris cube foot of wa-
ter contains of Paris grains = 641326
By one of Du Hamel, made with great care = 641376
By Homhcrg = 641666
These show some uncertainty in measure or in weights ; but
the above computation from Everard's experiment may be relied
on, because the comparison of the foot of England with that of
France was made by the joint labour of the Royal Society of Lon-
don and the French Academy of Sciences : it agrees likewise ve-
ry nearly with the weight assigned by M. Lavoisier, 70 Paris
pounds to thtf cubical foot of water.

SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF ALCOHOL AND WATER.

349

XVI.— Table for reducing the Degrees of Baume's Hydrometer

to the Common Standard.

Baume's Hydrometer for Liquids lighter than Water.
Temperature 55° Fahrenheit, or 10° Reaumur.

Deg.

Sp. Gr.

1.000
.990
.985
.977
.970
.963
.955
.949

Deg.

Sp. Gr.
.942
.935
.928
.922
.915
.909
.903
.897

Deg.

Sp. Gr.

.892
.886
.880
.874
.867
.871
.856
.852

Deg.

Sp. Gr.

.847

.842

.837

.832

.827

.822

.817

Baume's Hydrometer for Liquids heavier than Water.

Temperature 55° Fahrenheit, or 10° Reaumur.

Deg.

9
12
15
18

Sp. Gr.
1.000
1.020
1.040
1.064
L089
1.114
1.140

Deg.

Sp. Gr.
1.170
1.200
1.230
1.261
1.295
1.333
1.373

Deg.

Sp. Gr.
1.414
1.455
1.500
1.547
1.594
1.659
1.717

Deg.
63

Sp. Gr.
1.779

1.848

1.920

2.000

XVII. — Table, showing the Specific Gravity of Mixtures of Alco-
hol and Water.*

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES.

Centesimal parts of
the Mixture.

According to
, Chaussier.

According- to
Gilpin

Alcohol . 100

0.7980

(last table.)
0.825

0.8165

0.83887

0.8340

0.85244

0.8485

0.86414

0.8620

0.87606

0.87525

0.88762

0.8880

0.89883

0.9005

0.90941

0.9120

0.91981

0.9230

0.92961

0.9334

0.93882

0.94265

0.94726

0.9514

0.95493

0.95865

0.96158

0.96535

0.96736

0.97035

0.97239

0.97605

0.97723

0.9815

0.98213

0.9866

0.98737

0.99335

0.99327

0.99835

1.00000

baussier's alcohol had the

specific gravity of 0.798 ; and Gilpin's

that of 0.825. The tables

of Gilpin are (o be found in the Philosophical Transactions for 1794.

350

APB3HBUE U-

XVIII. — Table, showing the Quantity of real Acid in Sulphuric
Acid cf different Densities.*

Real Acid/»er
cent, by Weight.
100
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74

/ O

72
71
70
69

Specific
Gravities!

unknown
1.850
1.849
1.848
1.847
1.845
1.842
1.838
1833
1.827
1.819
1.810
1.801
1.7JI

Real Acid^er

era. by Weight.,

Speeifie
Gravities.
1.780

1.769

1.757

1.744

1.730

1.715

1.699

1.684

1.670

1.520

1.408

1.300

1.200

1.100

XIX. — 7 able, showing the Quantity of pure Ammonia condensed
in Solutions of different Specific Gravities.

Specific Gravity

(Water 1000.)

850

Grains of Ammonia

in 100 Grs. of Solution.

35.3

Volume of Gas
condensed.
494

860

32.6

456

870

29.9

419

880

27.3

382

890

247

346

900

22.2

311

910

19 8

277

920

174

244

930

15.1

211

940

12.8

180

950

10.5

147

960

-r

8.3

116

970

6.2

980

4.1

990

' .

* For this and the nineteenth table, I am indebted to the obliging' com-
munication of Mr. Dalton. The table of the quantity of real acid in sul-
phuric acid of different densitie?, which has been copied from Mr. Kirwan
into almost every elementary book, he finds to be deficient in accuracy.
Even Mr. Davy's table of the quantity of ammonia in various solutions of
that alkali, Mr. Dalton has found not to correspond exactly with his owtjl
experiments, the results of which are expressed in table X^IX.

CORRESPONDENCE OF THERMOMETERS. 351

NO. II.

ADMEASUREMENT AND EFFECTS OF HEAT.

I.— Correspondence between different Thermometers.

Fahrenheit's thermometer is universally used in this kingdom.
In this instrument the range between the freezing and boiling
points of water is divided into 1 80° ; and as the greatest possible
degree of cold was supposed to be that produced by mixing snow
and muriate of soda, it was made the zero. Hence the freezing
point became 32°, and the boiling point 212°.

The Centigrade thermometer places the zero at the freezing
point, and divides the range between it and the boiling point into
100°. This has long been used in Sweden under the title of Cel-
sius's thermometer.

Reaumur's thermometer, which was formerly used in France,
divides the space between the freezing and boiling of water into
80°, and places the zero at the freezing point.

Wedgwood's pyrometer is only intended to measure very high
temperatures. Its zero corresponds with 1077° of Fahrenheit's,
and each degree of Wedgwood is equal to 130° of Fahrenheit.

De Lisle's thermometer is used in Russia. The graduation be-
gins at the boiling point, and increases towards the freezing point.
The boiling point is marked 0, and the freezing point 150.

Therefore 180° F. s* 100° C. = 80° R. = 150° D. = —W.

1. To reduce centigrade degrees to those of Fahrenheit, multi"
tiply bv 9 and divide by 5, and to the quotient add 32, that is.

£lii£-f32=F.
5

2. To reduce Fahrenheit's degrees to centigrade, ' "

9
~C.

3. To reduce Reaumur's to Fahrenheit's we have the following

formula, R X 9 +32=F.

4. To convert Fahrenheit to Reaumur, °. =R.

5. To reduce De Lisle's degrees under the boiling point, we

S52 APPENDIX II.

have F. = 212 — — To reduce those above the boiling

point,F. = 312x2l2Lf.

6. And, inversely, to reduce Fahrenheit's degrees to De Lisle's,

unier the boiling point ~ — I— D. ; above the boiling point

F. X 5— 106Q _ D

7. To reduce Wedgwood's degrees to those of Fahrenheit, we

have Wxl30+1077=F.

F" 1 077

8. Inversely, to reduce Fahrenheit to Wedgwood,, ' .=W.

ISO

CORRESPONBENCE OF THERMOMEVTBRS. 353

Table, showing the Correspondence between the Degrees of Fah~

renheWs Thermometer and the new Scale of Mr. Dalton (see

vol. i. page 89.)

Fahrenheit's Falirenheit's Scale, True equal In-

Scale. corrected for the tervals of Tem-

Expansion of Glass. perature.

— 40. — 175

— 21.12 --- --- — 68

— 17.06 --- — 58

— 12.96 --- - - — 48

— 8-52 - — 38

— 3.76 ... — 28
-f 1.34 --- — 18

6.78 - — .8

' 12.63 - + ' 2

18.74 ... ... 12

25.21 ... ... 22

32. fe2. ... 32

39.1 - - - 39.3 ... 42
46.6 - - - 47. 52
54.44 ... 55. ... 62
62.55 - - - 63.3 ... 72
71.04 - 72. ... 82
79.84 - 81. ... 92

89.02 - - - 90.4 ... 102
98.49 - - - 101.1 - - - 112

108.3 ... 110. i . - 122
118.5 - - - 120.1 - - - 132
129. - - - 130.4 --- 142
139.9 - - - 141.1 ... 152
151. - - -~ 152. - - - 162.

162.4 - - - 163.3 ... 172

177.4 - - - 175. --- 182

186.5 - - - 186.9 ... 192
199. - - - 199.2 ... 202
212. - 212. - - - 212

359.1 ... ... 312

539.8 .-- ... 412

754.7 - - , - „ - 512

1000. ... ... 612

1285. - - 713
Vql. ii-. 4'5

254

ATPENDIX II.

II — Table of the Effects of Heat.
1.— -Freezing Points t>f Liquids.

Fahrenheit.

—55

Strongest nitric acid freezes (Cavendish)

Ether and liquid ammonia

Mercury

Sulphuric acid (Thomson)

Acetous acid

2 Alcohol, 1 water

Brandy

+ 1

Strongest sulphuric'acid (Cavendish)

Oil of turpentine (Macquer)

Strong wines

Fluoric acid

Oils bergamot and cinnamon

Human blood

Vinegar

Milk

Oxymuriatic acid

Water

Olive oil

Sulphuric acid, specific gravity 1.78 (Keir*

Oil of anniseeds, 50 (Thomson)

2.— Melting Points of Solids*

Equal parts sulphur and phosphorus

Adipocire of muscle

Lard (Nicholson)

Phosphorus (Pelletier)

104

Resin of bile

109

Myrtle wax (Cadet)

112

Spermaceti (Bostock)

127

Tallow (Nicholson) 92 (Thomson)

149

Bees* wax

145

Ambergris (La Grange)

155

Bleached wax (Nicholson)

212

Bismuth 5 parts, tin 3, lead 2

234

Sulphur (Hope) 212 (Fourc) 185 (Kirw.)

235

Adipocire of biliary calculi (Fourcroy)

283

Tin and bismuth, equal parts

303

Camphor

334

Tin 3, lead 2, or tin 2, bismuth 1

442

Tin (Chrichton) 413 (Irvine)

460

Tin 1, lead 4

476

Bismuth (Irvine)

612

Lead (Chrichton) 594 (Irv.) 540 (Newton>

700

Zinc

809

Antimony

MISCELLANEOUS EFFEOTS OF HEAT.

35*5

Wedg.

130

150

-154

158

160

•f 170

Brass
Copper
Silver
Gold
Cobalt
Nickel
Soft nails
Iron

Manganese

Platina, tungsten, molybdena, uranium, titani-
um, he.

3. Solids and Liquids Volatilized.

Ether boils
Liquid ammonia boils
Camphor sublimes (Venturi)
Sulphur evaporates (Kirwan)
Alcohol boils, 174 (Black) '
Water and essential oils boil
Phosphorus distils (Pelletier)
Muriate of lime boils (Dalton)
Nitrous acid boils
Nitric acid boils
White arsenic sublimes
Metallic arsenic sublimes
Phosphorus boils

Oil of turpentine boils, about 2 1 2° (Dal.)
Sulphur boils

Sulphuric acid boils (Dalton) 546 (Black)
Linseed oil boils, sulphur sublimes (Davy)
Mercury boils (Dalton) 644 (Secondat) 600
(Black) 672 (Irvine)

4. Miscellaneous Effects of. Heal.

Greatest cold produced by Mr. Walker
Natural cold observed at Hudson's Bay
Observed on the surface of the snow at Glas-
gow, 1780
At Glasgow, 1780
Equal parts, snow and salt
Phosphorus burns slowly
Vinous fermentation begins
to 135, Animal putrefaction
to 80, Summer heat in this Climate
Vinous fermentation rapid, acetous begins
Phosphorus burns in oxygen, 104 (Gottling)
Acetification ceases
to 100, Animal temperature

356

Appendix ij.

Fabren.
107

Wedg.

122

165

303

635

800

802

1050

1207

1337

1857

2897

6277

8487

10177

12257

13297

14337

102

14727

105

15637

112

15897

114

16007

121

16807

124

i7327

125

20577

150

25127

185

Feverish heat

Phosphorus burns vividly (Fourcroy) 148 (Tlionir

son)
Albumen coagulates, 156 (Black)
Sulphur burns slowly
Lowest heat of ignition of iron in the dark
Hydrogen burns, 1000 (Thomson)
Charcoal burns (Thomson)
Iron red in twilight
Iron red in daylight
Azotic gas burns
Enamel colours burned
Diamond burns (M'Kenzie) 30 W = 5000 F.

(Morveau)
Delft ware fired
Working heat of plate glass
Flint glass furnace
Cream-coloured ware fired
Worcester china vitrified
Stone ware fired
Chelsea china fired
Derby china fired
Flint glass furnace greatest heat
Bow china vitrified
Plate glass greatest heat
Smith's forge
Hessian crucible fused
Greatest heat observed

III Table of 'the Force of Steam at difftrent Temperatures oJS

Fahrenheit's Scale from actual Experiment.
(Betancourt in Prony's Architecture Hydraulique.)

Tempera-
ture.

92
102
112
122
132
142
152

In the 5th volume of " Memoirs of the Manchester Society,"

the following valuable table cf the force of vapour, for each de-

I gree of Fahrenheit, is given by Mr. Dalton ; the numbers below

212° from experiment, and the higher numbers from calculation.

Mr. Betancourt, however, professes to have obtained all the a=

bove results from actual experiment.

Force in English
Inches of Mercury.

Tempera-
ture.
162

Force in English

Inches of Mercury

9.07

.08

172

11.0

.21

182

14.9

.38

192

18.7

.58

202

23.7

•87

212

29.8

1.26

222

37.4

1.74

232

46.5

2.37

242

57.3

3.16

252

69.7

4.16

262

83.6

5.43

272

97.1

7.00

282

108.

OJ* THE FORCE OF VAPOUR FROM WATER.

557

Table of the Force of Vapour from Water in every Temperature
from that of the Congelation of Mercury, or 40° below zero of
Fahrenheit, to 325°.

Force of Va-

rempera-
ture.

pour in
Inches of

Tempera-
ture.

pour in
Inches of

Tempera-
ture.

pour in
Inches of

— 49

Mercury.
.013

Mercury.
.237

Mercury.
1.00

— 30

.020

.245

1.04

— 20

.030

.254

1.07 i

— 10

.043

.263

1.10

.273
.283

1.14

.064

1.14

1.17

.066

.294

1.21

.068

.305

1.24

.071

.316

1.28

.074

.328

1.32

.076

.339

1.36

.079

.351

1.40

.082

.363

i.44

.085

.375

1.48

.087

.388

1.53

.090

.401

1.58

' .093

.415

1.63

.096

.429

1.68

.100

.443

1.74

.104

.458

1.80

.108

.474

100

1.86

.112

.490

101

1.92

.116

.507

102

1.98

.120

.524

103

2.04

.124

.542

104

2.11

.129

.560

105

2.18

.134

.578

106

2.25

.139

.597

107

2.22,

.144

.616

108

2.39

,150

.635

109

2.46

.156

.655

110

2.53

.162'

.676

111

2.60

.168

.698

"112

2.68

.174

.721

113

2.76

.180

.745

114

2.84

.186

.770

115

2.92

.193

.796

116

3.00

74
75

.823
.851

117
118

3.08
3.16

.200

.207

.880

119

3.25

.214

.91-0

120

3.33

.221

.940

121

3.42

.36

229

.971

122

3.5'P

35*8

APPENBIX II.

Table of the Force of Fa/iour, If c— continued.

Force of Va-

Force of Va«

Tempera-

pour in

Tempera.

pour in

Tempers

l- pour in

ttire.

Inches of

ture.

Inches of

ture.

Inches of

Mercury.

Mercury

Mercury.

123

3.59

168

11.54

— — —

124

3.69

169

11.83

213

80.60

125

3.79

170

12 13

214

31.21

126

3.89

171

1243

215

31.83

♦ 127

4.00

172

12.73

216

3246

128

4.11

173

13.02

217

33.09

129

4.22

174

13 32

218

33.72

4.34

175

13.62

219

34.35

131

4.47

176

13.92

220

34.99

132

4 60

177

14.22

221

3563

133

4.73

178

1452

222

3625

134

4.86

179

14.^3

223

36 88

135

5.00

180

15.15

224

37.53

136

5.14

181

15 50

225

38.20

137

5.29

182

15.85

226.

38 89

138

5-44

183

16 23

227

39.59

139

5.59

184

1661

228

40.30

140

5.74

185

17.00

229

41 02

141

5.90

186

17 40

230

41.75

142

6.05

187

17 80

231

42.49

143

6.21

188

IS. 20

232

43.24

144

6.37

189

18.60

233

44.00

145

653

190

1900

234

44.78

146

670

191

19 42

235

4558

147

687

192

19.86

236

46.39

148

7.05

193

20.32

237

47.20

149

7.23

194 "

20.77

238

48.02

150

7.42

195

21 22

239

48 84

151

7.61

196

21.68

240

49.67

152

7.81

197

22.(3

241

50.50

153

8.01

198

22.69

242

51.34

154

8 20

199

23 16

243

52.18

155

8.40

200

23.64

244

53.03

156

8.60

201

24.12

245

53.88

157

8.81

2' 2

24.61

246

54.68

158

9.02

203

25.10

247

55.54

159

9.24

2;.'4

25.61

248

56.42

160

9.46

§05

26.13

249

57.31

161

9.68

206

26.66

250

58.21

162

9.91

207

*27.20

251

59.12

163

10.15

208

27.74

252

60.05

164

10.41

209

28.29

253

61.00

165

10.68

210

28.84

254

61.92

166

10.96

211

29.41

255

62.85

J 67

11.25

2 12

30.00

.256

63.76

ON THE EXPANSION OF AIR BY HEAT.

rs*

Table of the Force of Vafiour, &C-

— continued.

Force of Va-

orce of Va-

Force or Va j

I'empefa

pour in

Tempera-

pour in

Tempera- pour in

ture.

Inches of

ture.

[nches of

ture

Inches of

Mercury.

257

64.82

280

8875

303

115.32

258

65.78

281

89.87

304

116.50

259

66.75

282

90.99

305

117.68

260

67.73

283

92.11

306

118.86

261

68.72

284

93.23

307

120.03

262

69.72

285

94.35

308

121.20

263

70.73

286

95.48

309

122.37

264

71.74

287

95.64

310

123.53

265

72.76

288

97.80

311

124.69

266

73.77

289

98.96

312

125.85

267

74 79

290

100.12

313

127.00

268

75 80

291

101.28

314

128.15

269

76.82

292

102 45

315

129.29

270

77.85

293

103 63

316

130.43

271

78.89

294

104 80

317

131.57

272

79.94

295

105.97

318

132.72

273

80.9-8

296

107.14

319

133.86

274

82.01

297

10831

32C

135.00

275

83.13

298

109 48

321

136.14

276

84.35

299

110.64

322

137.28

277

85.47

300

111.81

323

138.42

278

86.50

301

112 98

324

139.56

279

87.63

302

114.15

325

140.7ft

IV Table

of the Expansion of j

iir by

Heat.

(Con

imuincated by Mr, Da

lton.)

Fataen.

Fahrei

'• 1

Fabren.

Fahren.

1000

1050

74 1

097

95 1142

1002

1052

75 1

099

96 1144

1004

1055

76 1

101

97 1146

1007

1057

77 I

104

98 1148

1009

1059

78 1

106

99 1150

1012

1062

79 1

108

10O 1152

1015

1064

80 1

110

110 1173

1018

1066

81 1

112

120 1194

1021

1069

82 1

114

130 1215

1023

1071

83 1

116

140 1235

1025

1073

84 1

118

150 1255

1027

1075

85 1

121

160 1275

103Q

1077

86 1

123

170 1295

1032

1080

87 1

125

180 1315

1034

1082

88 1

128

190 1334

1036

1084

89 1

130

200 1354

1038

1087

90 1

132

210 1372

1040

1089

91 1

134

212 1376

1043

1091

92 1

136

1045

1093

93 1

138

1047

1095

94 1

140

T60

APPENDIX II.

V. — Table of the Expansion of Liquids by Heat

Sulphuric

Oil of

Temp.

Mercury.

Linseed Oil

Acid.

Nitric Acid.

Water.

Turpentine

Alcohol.

32°

100000

100081

99752

99514

100539

100183

100000

100023

100000

101105

100304

100279

100486

100091

100460

101688

100406

100558

100990

100197

100993

102281

100508

100806

101530

100332

101471

102890

100610

101054

102088

100694

101931

103517

100

100712

102760

101317

102620

100908

102446

104162

110

100813

101540

103196

102943

120

100915

101834

103776

101404

103421

130

101017

102097

104352

103954

140

101119

102320

105132

104573

150

101220

102614

102017

160

101322

102893

170

101434

103116

180

101526

103339

190

101628

103587

103617

200

101730

103911

,212 |

101835

107250

104577

VI — Table of the Expansion of Water by Heat.
(From Mr. Dalton's New System of Chemical Philosophy.)

Temperature.

Expansion.

Temperature.

Expansion.

12° Faliren.

10U236

122° Fahren.

101116

100090

132

101367

100022

142

101638

100000

152

101934

100021

162

102245

100083

172

102575

100180

182

102916

100312

192

103265

100477

202

103634

102

100672

212

104012

112

100880

TABLES OF EXPANSION BY HEAT.

361

VII. — Table of the Expansion of Solids by Heat.

Temp.

Platina.1

Antimon.

Steel.

i
Iron. jCast Iron.

Bismuth.

32°
212

White ?
heat* 5

120000
120104

120000
120130

120000
120147

123428

120000
120151

121500

120000
122571

120000
120167

Copper.

Cast
Brass.

Brass

Wire.

Tin.

Lead.

Zinc.

32°
212

120000
120204

120000
120225

120000
120232

120000
120298

120000
120344

120000
120355

Haram'd
Zinc.

Zinc 8
Tin 1

Lead 2
Tin 1

Brass 2

Zinc 1

Pewter.

Copper 3
Tint 1

32°
212

S- — — '■■

120000
120373

120000
120323

120000
120301

120000
120247

120000
120274

120000
1202] 8

Expansion of Glass.

Temp.

BuHsyMt Temp.

Bulk.

Temp.

Bulk,

32°

100000
100006
100014

100°

120

150

100023
100033
100044

167°

190

212

100056
100069
100083

* Rinman.

•f Borda.

$ The metal, whose expansion is here given, was an alloy composed of
three parts of copper, and one of tin. The figures in some of the preced-
ing columns are to be understood in the same manner. Thus, in the lajst
column but two, the metal consisted of two parts of brass, alloyed with
one of zinc.

VOL. II.

362

APPENDIX U.

VIII. — Tables, exhibiting a collective View of all the FHgorific
Mixtures, contained in Mr. Walker's Publication, 1808.
(Communicated by Mr. Walker.)
1 — Table, consisting of Frigorific Mixtures, having the Power of
generating or creating Cold, without the Aid of Ice, sufficient
for all useful and /ihilosofihical Purposes, in any Part of the
World, at any Season.

Frigorific Mixtures, without Ice.

MIXTURES.

Thermometer sinks.

Deg. of cold
produced.

Muriate of ammonia 5 parts
Nitrate of potash 5
Water 16

From + 50° to + 10°

Muriate of ammonia 5 parts
Nitrate of potash 5
Sulphate of soda 8
Water 16

From + 50° to + 4°

Nitrate of ammonia 1 part
Water 1

From + 50° to + 4°

Nitrate of ammonia 1 part
Carbonate of soda 1
Water 1

From + 50° to — 7*

Sulphate of soda 3 parts
Diluted nitric acid 2

From + 50° to — 3°

Sulphate of soda 6 parts
Muriate of ammonia 4
Nitrate of potash 2
Diluted nitric acid 4

From + 50° to — 10°

Sulphate of soda 6 parts
Nitrate of ammonia 5
Diluted nitric acid 4

From + 50WR — 14°

Phosphate of soda 9 parts
Diluted nitric acid 4

From + 50° to — 12°

Phosphate of soda 9 parts
Nitrate of ammonia 6
Diluted nitric acid 4

From-f- 50° to —21°

Sulphate of soda 8 parts
Muriatic acid 5

From + 50° to 0°

Sulphate of soda 5 parts
jDiluted sulphuric acid 4

From + 50° to + 3°

N. B. — If the materials are mixed at a warmer temperature than that ex-
pressed in the table, the effect will be proportionably greater ; thus, if the
most powerful of these mixtures be made, when the air is -f- 85° it will
sink the thermometer to + 2°.

yEIOORIFIC MIXTURES.

363

S.—Tbi/e, constating of Frigorific Mixtures, composed of Ice,
with chemical Salts and Acids.

Frigorific mixtures with Ice.

MIXTURES.

Thermometer sinks.

Deg. of cold
produced.

Snow, or pounded ice
Muriate of soda

2 parts
1

6
3

+->

•o
u

" to — 5°

Snow, or pounded ice
Muriate of soda
Muriate of ammonia

5 parts
2

to — 12°

Snow, or pounded ice
Muriate of soda
Muriate of ammonia
Nitrate of potash

24 parts
10

to — 18°

Snow, or pounded ice
Muriate of soda
Nitrate of ammonia

12 parts
5
5

to — 25°
I

Snow

Diluted sulphuric acid

3 parts
2

From + 32° to — 23°

Snow
Muriatic acid

8 parts
5

From + 32° to — 27°

Snow

Diluted nitric acid

7 parts
4

From + 32° to — 30°

Snow

Muriate of lime

4 parts
5

From + 32° to — 40°

Snow -

Chryst. muriate of lime

2 parts
3

From + 32° to— 50°

Snow
Potash

3 parts
4

From + 32° to — 51°

N. B. — The reason for the omissions in the last column of this table is,
the thermometer sinking in these mixtures to the degree mentioned in the
preceding column, and never lower, whatever may be the temperature of
the materials at mixins;

364

APPENDIX II.-

3. — Table y consisting of Frigorific Mixtures selected from the
foregoing Tables, and combined so as to increase or extend Cold
to the extremest Degrees.

Combinations of Frigorific Mixtures.

MIXTURES.

Thermometer sinks.

i
Deg\ of cold
produced.

Phosphate of soda
Nitrate of ammonia
Diluted nitric acid

5 parte
o

From 0° to — 34°

Phosphate of soda
Nitrate of ammonia
Diluted mixed acids

3 parts

From — 34° to — 50°

Snow

Diluted nitric acid

3 parts
2

From 0° to— 46°

Snow

Diluted sulphuric acid

Diluted nitric acid

8 parts

From — 10° to — 56°

Snow

Diluted sulphuric acid

1 part
1

From — 20° to — 60°

Snow

Muriate of lime

3 parts
4

From + 20° to — 48°

Snow

Muriate of lime

3 parts

From+ 10° to— 54°

Snow

Muriate of lime

2 parts
3

From— 15° to— 68°

, Snow
Chryst. muriate of lime

1 part
o

From 0° to — 66°

Snow

Chryst. muriate of lime

1 pari
3

From— 40° to — 73°

Snow

Diluted sulphuric acid

8 parts
10 '

From — 68° to — 91°

N. B. — The materials in the first column are to be cooled, previously to
mixings to the temperature required, by mixtures taken from either of the
preceding tables.

TABLE OF SPECIFIC CALORIC.

365

IX.— Table of the Sfiecific Heats or Capacities of Bodies, altered
from Dr. Thomson's System of Chemistry, 3d Edition.
N. B. — The bodies compared are taken in equal weights, and the specific

heat of water is

assumed to be 1.

1.—
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Common air
Carbonic acid
Azote

GASES.

21.4000 (c
4.7490 (c
1.7900 (c
1.0459 (c
0.7036 (c

■)
•)

•)

2.—
Ice

Water
Steam

WATER.

0.9000 (k
1 .0000
1.5500 (c

•)

3. — SALINE SOLUTIONS.

Carbonate of «..,„,,,

moma \

Sulphuret of do.

(0.818)
Sulphate of mag-")

nesia I 1 0.844 (c.)

Waver 2 J

Muriate of soda

994(c)

ia .^ 0.832(c)

Water

Nitrate of pot-
ash 1

Water 8

Ditto

Nitrate of pot-
ash 1

Water 3

Muriate cf am-
monia 1

Water 1.5

Super-tartrate of
potash 1

Water 273.3

Sulphate of iron 1 > ^ „ n , , .

Water 25 ^ 0.734 (k.)

Sulphate of soda 1 ~) „ .«, , _
Water 2 .9 5°' 728 ( K )

Alum l ) „ x

Water 2.9 5 °' 649 ( K

Nitric acid 9\ }
Lime l 7 \ 0.6189 (l.)

Solution of brown? .„„„•., v
£ 1.086 (k.)

(I.) Irvine, jun.

}

}
}

0.8 167 (l.)
0.914 (i.)
0.646 (k.)

0.798 (k.)

0.765 (k.)

sugar

(C.) Crawford

4. ACIDS AND

("pale
N ac r id>-S9) {I

ALKALIS.
0.844 (k.)
6613(l.)
62 (le.)

[_( 1.355) 0.570 (k.)

^id ali ° f('.'^) 0.680 (K.)

f(1.885) 0.758 (k.)

Sulphu- J (1.872) 0.429 (k.)

ric acid. ] do. 0.34 (le.)

10-87) 0.3345 (l.)

Do. 4, Water 5 0.6631

Do. 4, do. 3 0.6031

Potash (1.346) 0.759

Ammonia (0.997) 0.708

(L.)
(L.)
(K.)
(K.)

5 INFLAMMABLE LIQUIDS.

Alcohol

r
i

0.6666 (c.)
0.64 (le.)

0.6024 (c)
1.086 (k.)
0.716 (k.)
0.500 (le.)
0.528 (k.)

0.5000
472
0.399

Oil of olives

Linseed oil
Spermaceti
Oil of turpentine
Spermaceti

6 ANIMAL FLUIDS.

Arterial blood 1.0300

Venous blood 0.8928

Cow's milk 0.9999

7. ANIMAL SOLIDS.

Ox-hide, with hair 0.7870
Lungs of a sheep 7690
Lean of ox-beef 0.7400

(c)

(K.)
(K.)

(C.)

(c)

8. VEGETABLE

Pinus sylvestris
Pin us abies
Tilea Europaea
Pinus picea
Pyrus malus
Bctula ainus

SOLIDS.

0.65 (m.)

0.60

0.62

0.58

057

0.53

(K.) Kh'wan

(M.)

(M.)
(M.)
(M.)
(M.)

(L.) Lavoisier and

La Place; (LE.) Leslie; (M.) Meyer; (R.) Rumford; (W.) WUcke.:

.566

AfFENJBIX II..

Quercus robur scs^

silis
Fraxinus excelsior
Pyrus communis
Rice

Horse beans
Dust of the pine

tree
Peas

Fagus sylvatica
Carpinus betulus
Betula alba
Wheat
Elm
Quercus robur pe

dunculata
Prunus domestica
Diaspyrus ebenum
Barley
Pit coal
Charcoal
Oats
Cinders

0.51 (m.)

0.50 (m.)

0.5050 (c.)

0.5020 (c.)

0.5000 (c.)

0.4920 (c)
0.49 (m.)
0.48 (m)
0.48 (m.)

0.4770 (m.)
0.47 (m.)

I 0.45 (m.)

0.44 (m.)
0.43 (m )
0.4210 (c.)
0.2777 (c)
0.2631 (c.)
0.4160 (c.)
0.1923 (c)

9. EAUTIIY BODIES, STONE

WARE, AND GLASS.

0.2564 (c.)

0.2229 (c.)

0.2168 (l.)

0.1855 (c.)

0.1402 (c)

0.195 (w.)

0.195 (k.)

0.1929 (l.)

0.187 (w.)

0.174 (k.)

Chalk

Quicklime

Ashes of pit coal

elm

Agate
Stone ware
Crystal
Swedish glass
Flint glass

10. — SULPHUR

o.is;

1 1 METALS

Iron

Brass

125 (k.)
1269 (c.)
.126 (w.)
1 123 (c.)

1 1 6 (w.)

Copper

Sheet iron
Gun metal

Zinc

Silver

Tin

Antimony

Gold

Lead

Bismuth

Mercurv

12 METALLIC

Oxide of iron

Rust of iron

Do. nearly freed }

from air $

White oxide of

antimony

washed
Do. nearly freed }

from air \

Oxide of copper)

do. 5

Oxide of lead and >

tin $

Oxide of zinc
Oxide of tin, near

ly freed

from air
Yellow oxide of

lead

}

0.111 1 (e.)

114 (w.)

0.1099 (l.)

0.1 100 (n.)

0.0943 (c.)

0.102 (w.)

0.082 (w.)

0.068 (K.)

0.0704 (L.j

0.060 (w.)

0.086 (k.)

0.0645 (c.}

0.063 (w.

0.050 (w.

0.050 (k._

0.0352 (e.)

0.042 (w.)

0.043 (w.)

0.033 (k.)

0.0357 (c)

0.0290 (l.)

OXIDES.

0.320 (k.)
0.2500 (c)

0.1666 (c.)

0.220 (k)
0.2272 (c.)

0.1666

0.2272 (c.)

0.102 (k)

0.1369 (c.)

0.0990 (c.)
0.096 (k.)

0.0680 (cj
0.068 (k.)

TABLE OF SPECIFIC HEATS.

267

X. — Table of Specific Heats, from Mr. Dalton's New 'System of
Chemical Philosophy, Part 1.*

GASES.

Equal 1
Weights. 1

Equal
Bulks.

SOLIDS. .

Eq.
"Wts.

Eq.

Biks.

Hydrogen

21.4D

.Oll2

Ice

.90?

.83

Oxygen

4.75

.006

Dried woods, and

Common air

1.79

.002

other vegetable

■

Carbonic acid

1.05

.0(2

substances, from

Azotic

.79

.001

.45 to

.65

Aqueous vapour

1.55

.001

Quicklime

.30

Pit-coal (1.27)

.28

.36

Charcoal

.26

LIQUIDS.

Chalk
Hydrat. lime

.27
.25

■67

"Water

1.00

Flint glass (2.87)

.19

.55

Arterial blood

1.03

Muriate of soda

.23

Milk (1.026)

.98

1.00

Sulphur

.19

Carbonate of amnion. (1.035)

.95

.98

Iron

.13

1.00

Carbonate of potash (1.30)

.75

.98

Brass

.11

.97

Solution of ammonia (.948)

1.03

.98

Copper

.11

.98

Common vinegar (1.02)

.92

.94

Nickel

.10

.78

Venous blood

.89

Zinc

.10

.69

Solut. of common salt (1.197)

.78

.93

Silver

.08

.84

Solut. of sugar (1.17)

.77

.90

Tin

.07

.51

Nitric acid (1.20)

.76

.96

Antimony

.06

.40

Nitric acid (1.30)

.68

.88

Gold

.05

.97'

Nitric acid (1.36)

.63

.85

Lead

.04

.45

Nitrate of lime (1-40)

.62

.87

Bismuth

.04

.40

Sulph. acid and water, equal b

.52

.80

Muriatic acid (1.153)

.60

.70

Oxides of the

Acetic acid (1.036)

.66

.70

metals surpass the

Sulphuric acid (1.844)

.35

.65

metals themselves,

Alcohol (.85)

•76

.65

according to Craw-

Alcohol (.817)

•70

.57

ford.

Sulphuric ether (76)

.66

.50

Spermaceti oil (.87)

•52

.45

Mercury

.04

.55

* I hava added this table, though in some degree a repetition of the pre-
ceding one ; because the bodies compared are taken in equal bulks, as well
as in equal weights.

o68

APPENDIX I.

No. III.

I. — Tabic of the Solubility of Salts in Water.

Solubility in 100 Parts

NAMES OF SALTS.

Water.

At 60°

At 212°

ACIDS.

Arsenic -

150.

Benzoic -

0.208

4.17

Boracic - . -

Camphoric -

1.04

8.3

Citric ....

133.

200.

Gallic ....

8.3

66.

Mucic -

0.84

1.25

Molybdenic -

0.1

Oxalic ....

50.

100.

Suberic - -

0.69

50.

Succinic -

50.

Tartaric -

Very soluble

SALIFIABLE BASES.

Barytes . . . -

50.

crystallized

5f.

Unlimited

Lime -

0.2

Potash ....

Very soluble

Soda -

do.

Strontites . _ - -

0.6

crystallized - - •

1.9

50.

SALTS.

Acetate of ammonia
barytes
lime I-
magnesia
Acetate of potash

soda

strontites
Carbonate of ammonia
barytes
lime

magnesia
potash
-soda
strontites

Very soluble

do.

do.
100.
Very soluble

40.

+ 30.

100.

Insoluble

do.

25.

83.

50.

+ 100

Insoluble '

TABLE OF THE SOLUBILITY OF SALTS. 369

Table of the Solubility of Salts in Water— -Continued.

Solubility in 100 Parts

NAMES OF SALTS.

Water.

At 60°

At 212°

SALTS.

Camphorate of ammonia

33.

barytes

0.16

lime

0.5

potash

33.

+ 33.

Citrate of soda

60.

lime

Insoluble

Hyper-oxymuriate of barytes

25.

+ 25.

mercury -

25.

potash

40.

soda

35.

+ 35.

Muriate of ammonia

33.

100.

barytes ?

20.

+ 20.

lead

4.5

lime

200.

magnesia

100.

mercury

50.

potash

33.

silver

o*V

soda

35.42

36.1*

strontites

150.

Unlirr ited

Nitrate of ammonia

50.

200.

barytes

25.

lime

400.

magnesia

100.

-f 100.

potash

14.25

100.

soda

33.

-f lao.

strontites

100.

200.

Oxalate of strontites

°tV

Phosphate of ammonia

25.

+ 25.

barytes

lime

magnesia

6.6

potash

Very soluble

soda

25.

50.

strontites

Phosphate of ammonia

50.

+ 50.

barytes

o.|

potash

33.

+ 33.

Sulphate of ammonia

50.

100.

barytes

0.002

copper p

25.

50.

iron

50.

+ 100.

lead

OtV

lime

0.2

0.22

magnesia

100.

133.

vol. i*. 47

370

APPENDIX II.

Table of the Solubility of Salts in Water—Continued.

NAMES OF SALTS.

SALTS.

Sulphate of potash
soda

strontites
Sulphite of ammonia

lime *

magnesia
potash , -
soda
Saccholactate of potash

soda
Sub-borate of soda (borax)
Super-sulphate of alumine and
potash (alum)

potash
Super-oxalate of potash
tartrate of potash
Tartrate of potash

and soda
antimony and potash

, Solubility in 100 Parts j
, Water.

At 60°

At 212°

6.25

20.

37.

125.

0.02

100.

0125

100.

25.

100.

12.

20.

8.4

16.8

133.

50.

-J- 100.

10.

1 l

25.

20.

6.6

33.

SOLUBILITY OF SALTS IK ALCOHOL.

37)

II.— Table of Substances soluble in Alcohol.

Tempera-

lt/J Puns Alco-

NAMES OF SUBSTANCES.

ture.

hol dissolve

176°

7.5

Aceuie ot copper

soda -

176°

46.

Arsenate of potash

do.

3.75

soda -

do.

1.7

Boracic acid -

do.

20.

Camphor -

do.

75.

Muriate of ammonia

do.

alumine

54£°

100.

copper

176°

100.

iron -

176°

100.

lime -

do.

100.

magnesia

do.

547.

mercury

88.3

zinc -

54|°

100.

Nitrate of ammonia

176°

89.2

alumine

54|°

100.

cobalt -

54|°

100.

lime -

125.

potash

176°

2.9

silver -

do.

41.7

Succinic acid

do.

74.

Sugar, refined -

do.

24|.

Super-oxaiate of potash

Tartrate of potash

0.04

Other substances soluble in alcohol. — All the acids, ex-
cept the sulphuric, nitric, and oxymuriatic, which decompose it,
and the phosphoric and metallic acids — Potash, soda, and ammo-
nia, very soluble. Soaps ; extract ; tan ; volatile oils ; adipocire ;
resins ; urea.

Substances insoluble, or very sparingly soluble, in al-
cohol. — Earths ; phosphoric and metallic acids ; almost all sul-
phates and carbonates ; the nitrates of lead and mercury ; the mu-
riates of lead, silver, and soda (the last, per Chenevix, sparingly
soluble ;) the sub-borate of soda ; the tartrate of soda and potash,
and super-tartrate of potash; fixed oils; wax; starch; gum;
caoutchouc ; woody fibre ; gelatine ; albumen, and gluten.

872

APPENDIX U.

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magnesia

common

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soda

ditto

ammonia

barytes

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TABLE OF COMPOSITION OF SALTS.

272

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3 3 !S 3 1* * 3 g 3 "3 3 "S -g -£■

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4) fan as ««

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374

APPENDIX II.

IV — TaHle of Incompatible Salts.*

SALTS. INCOMPATIBLE WITH

1. Fixed alkaline sulphates \ N»rates-oflime and magnesia,
I Muriates ot lime and magnesia.
("Alkalis,

< Carbonate of magnesia,
(^ Muriate of barytes.
fAlkalis,
J Muriate of barytes,
| Nitrate, muriate, carbonate of lime,
^Carbonate of magnesia.

Alkalis,

Muriate of barytes,

Nitrate and muriate of lime.

Alkalis,

Muriate of barytes*

Earthy carbonates?
f Sulphates,
k Alkaline carbonates, .
(^ Earthy carbonates.

{Sulphates, except of lime,
Alkaline carbonates,
Carbonate of magnesia.
Alkaline carbonates,
Alkaline sulphates,
f Alkaline carbonates,
■< Carbonates of magnesia and alumine,
(_ Sulphates, except of lime.

V. — Quantity of Real Acid taken up by mere Alkalis and Earths

C Kirivan. )

2. Sulphate of lime

3. Alum

4. Sulphate of magnesia

5. Sulphate of iron

6. Muriate of barytes

7. Muriate of lime

8. Muriate of magnesia j

9. Nitrate of lime

100 Parts.

Sulphuric.

Nitric.

Muriatic.

Carbonic acid.

Potash

82.4.S

64.96

56.3

105, almost

Soda

127.68

135.71

73.41

66.8

Ammonia

383.8

247.82

171.

Variable

Baryt.

50.

56.

31.8

282.

Strontia

72.41

85.56

46.

43.2

Lime

143.

179.5

84.488

81.81
. 200.Tourcrov

Magnesia

172.64

210.

111.35

Alumine

150.9

335, nearly, Bergman

VI. — Quantity of Alkalis and Earths taken up. by 100 Parts of
real Sutphuric y JVitric, Muriatic, and Carbonic Acids, Saturated
( Kirivan. )

100 Parts.
Sulphuric

Potash.

So>ta.
~78.Z2

i no -.v.-

B a-yt.

Su-onua.

Lime.

Mag - .

121.48

25.0a

2i)0.

138.

70.

57.92

Nitrous

117.7

73.3

40.35

178.12

116.86

55.7

47.64

Muriatic

177.6

136.2

58.48

314.46

216.21

118.3

898.

Carbonic

95.1

149.6

354-5

231. +

•122.

50.

* That is, salts which cannot exist toge' her in solution, withe it mutunl
decomposition.

QUALITIES OP METALS AND OXIDES.

S75

yil.— .Table, by Richter, of the Quantity of each Base required
for the Saturation of the different Acids.

(From Berthollet's Statique Chimique, Ire Partie, p. 136.

The experiments, from which the following table was deduced,
we are assured by Berthollet, were the principal occupation of
Hichter from the year 1791 to 1800 ; and, from the attention with
which they were performed, appear to be deserving of considerable
confidence. An example will best explain the method of using
the table. Take the article potash in the first column, opposite to
which is placed the number 1605. The numbers in the other col-
umn show how much of each acid is required to saturate 1605 parts
of potash, -viz. 427 parts of fluoric acid, 577 of carbonic acid, Sec.
In a similar manner, take any acid in the second column, the ox*
alic for instance ; the first column shows how much of each base
effects the saturation of 755 parts of oxalic acid, viz. 525 of alu-
mine, 615 of magnesia, Sec.

Aluinine

Magnesia

Ammonia

Lime

Soda

Strontites

Potash

Barytes

525

Fluoric

427

615

Carbonic

577

672

Sebacic

706

793

Muriatic

712

859

Oxalic

755

1329

Phosphoric

979

1605

Formic

988

3222

Sulphuric

1000

Succinic

1209

Nitric

1405

Acetic

1480

Citric

1563

Tartaric

1691

J?6

APPENDIX ilv

No. IV.

J.— Table, showing 1 some of the Qualities of Metals ; the Profi(nfi=
tion of Oxygen with which they combine ; and the Colours ot
their Oxides.
(Compiled from two of the Tables in Thomson's Chemistry.)

! Metals.

Colour.

Specific
Grav.

Fusing
Point.

No. of
Oxides

Colours of
Oxides.

Prop, of
Oxygf,

JGold

Yellow

19.361

32 W.

1
2

Purple
Yellow

10.

Platina

White

23.O0G

+ 170W

Green
Brown

0.15

Palladium

White

1 1 87 I

+ 160W

I
• 2

Blue
Yellow ?

Rhodium

White

+ H

+ 1 60 W.

1
2

Yellow

Iridium

White

+ 1 60 W.

Blue ?
Red?

Osmium

Blue

Transparent

Silver

White

10.510

22 W.

Olive

12.8

Mercury

White

13.568

— 39 F.

2
3

Black
Red

11.

Copper

Red

8.895

27 W.

Red
Black

13.
25.

29.
31.6

45.

Iron

Blucish-
grey

7.788

158 W.

2
3

White
Black
Red

Tin

White

7.299

442 F.

Grey
White

25.
J8.8

Lead

Blueish-
white

1 1 352

612F.

2
3

1 (

2 1

Fellow

Red

rJrown

10.6
136
15.

SJickel

White ! 8.666J

[ !

+ 1 60 W

ireen -

Black

la.

QUALITIES OF METALS ANSI OXIDES. 37?

Table, showing some of the Qualities of Metals, Isfc.-— continued.

i | Metals.

Colour.

Specific
Grav.

Fusing
Point.

No. of i Colours of
Oxides 1 Oxides.

Prop, of
Oxyg.

Zinc

White

6.861

680 F.

Ylow
White

i3.6

25.

Bismuth

White

9.822

476 F.

1
2

Yellow

12.

Antimony-

Grey-

6.712

809 F.

I
2

White
Ditto

22.7
30.

Arsenic [White

8,310

+400 F.?

White
White (acid)

33.
53.

Cobalt

White

7.700

130 W.

2
3

, 2
3

Bue
' Treen
Alack

Manganese

White

6.850

+ 160W.

W bite

Jied

Black

25.
35.
66.6

Molybdena

Grey

8.600

+ 170W.

1
2
3

Light brown
Violet
Blue
White

•

34.
50. |

Tellurium

White

6.115

+612 F.

White

25 -

5.17
28.

Tungsten

Greyish-
white

17.6

+ 170W.

Black
Yellow

Uranium

Grey

9.000

+ 170W.

1
2

Black
Yellow

Titanium

Red

+ 170W.

1
2
3

Blue
Red

White

Chromium

White

+ 170W.

2
3

Green
Brown
Red

200. j

Columbiun;

White

Tantaliunr

White

Cerium

White

Red

N. B. — The numbers, in the last column of the foregoing table, denote
the quantity of oxygen with which 100 parts of each metal combine. Thus,
to form the black oxide of iron, 100 parts of the metal absorb 31.6 oxygen,
and afford 131.6 of ar> oxide, which, in 100 parts, contains 24 of oxygen. —
In the column showing the fusing point, W. added to the numerals denotes
the degrees of Wedgwood's pyrometer, and F. those of Fahrenheit's ther-
mometer.

VOL. II. 48

•

378

APPENDIX II.

II. — Colour of the Precipitates thrown down from Metallic Solu-
tions, by various He-agents.

Metals.

Prussiated
Alkalis.

Tincture of
Galls.

Water im-
pregnated
with Sul-
phuretted
Hydrogen.

Hydro-Sul-

phurets.

[ ■

Gold

Yellowish-
white

Solutiontur-
ned green.
Precipitate
brown of re-
duced gold

Yellow-

Yellow

Platina

No precip. ;
but an o-
"range col-
oured one
by pruss.
of mercur.

Dark green

becoming

paler

Precipi-
tated in
a metal-
lic state

■

Silver"

White

Yellowish
brown

Black

Mercury

White,
changing to
yellow

Orange yel-
low

Black

Brownish
black

Palladium

Olive,*
Deep o-
range.f

Dark
brown

Rhodium

No precip.

Iridium

No precipi-
tate. Colour
discharged.

No precipi-
tate. Col-
our of so-
lutions dis-
charged

Osmium

Purple,
changing to
deep vivid
blue

Copper

T fi. Green salts
Iron •

\J2. Red salts

Bright red-
ish brown

Brownish

Black

White,
changing
to blue

Deep blue

No precipi-
tate. Blacli

Not pre-
cipitated

Black

Nickel

Green

Greyish
white

Not pre-
cipitated

Black

Tin

iWhite

No. precip

iBrown

Black

■

Chenevix,

f Wollaston.

PRECIPITATES FROM METALLIC SOLUTIONS.

379

Colour of Precipitates from Metallic Solutions, Isfc. — continued.

Metals.

Prussiated
Alkalis.

Tincture of
Galls.

Water im-
pregnated
with Sul-
phuretted
Hydrogen.

Hydro-Sul- !
phurets. 1

Lead

White

Black

Zinc

White

No. precip.

Yellow

White

Bismuth

White

Orange

Black

Antimony

White

A white ox-
ide merely
from dilu-
tion.

Orange

Tellurium

No prqcip.

Yellow

Blackish

Arsenic

White

Little
change

Yellow

Not precip-
itated

Yellow

Cobalt

Brownish
yellow

Yellowish
white

Black

Manganese

Yellowish
white

No precip.

Not precip-
itated

White

Chrome

Green

Brown

Green

v Molybdena

Brown

Deep brown

Brown

Uranium

Brownish
red

Chocolate

Brownish
yellow

Tungsten

Titanium

Grass green
with a tinge
of brown

Redish
brown

Not precip-
itated

Grass green

Columbium

Olive

Orange

Chocolate

Tantalium |

Cerium

Yellowish

Brown, be-
coming
deep green

APPENDIX IX.

111,-7(2^/^1 showing' the Maximum Quantity of Oxygen takc%
lift by different Substances.

SIMPLE COMBUSTIBLES.

100 Hydrogen unite with

597.7 Oxygen

100 Carbon

...

257.

100 Azote

236.

100 Muriatic acid

• •* m .

194.

100 Phosphorus

154r.

100 Sulphur -

METALS.

71.3

100 Chrome combine with

200. Oxygen

100 Manganese

66.

100 Arsenic

53.

100 Iron

45.

100 Tin -

38.8

100 Antimony

30.

100 Zinc

100 Copper

T • -

25.

100 Lead

100 Tungsten _

100 Mercury

17.6

100 Platina

15.

100 Silver

12.8

100 Bismuth

12.

100 Gold

10.

TABLE OF AFFINITY.

381

No. V.

Table of Simple Affinity.*

Iron

Sulphur

Sulphurous J

OXYGEN.

Tin

Carbon

Acetic

Uranium

Phosphorus

Mucic

Carbon

Molybdena

Nitrogen

Boracic

Charcoal

Tungsten

Nitrous

Manganese

Cobalt

_ i _

Carbonic

Zinc

Antimony

Prussic

Iron

Nickel

SULPHUR.

Oil

Tin

Arsenic

PHOSPHORUS ?

Water

Antimony

Chrome

Sulphur

Hydrogen
Phosphorus

Bismuth

Lead

Potash
Soda

Sulphur

Copper

Iron

Arsenic

Tellurium

Copper

BARYTES.

Nitrogen

Platina

Tin

Nickel

Mercury

Lead

Acids Sulphuric

Cobalt

Silver

Oxalic

Copper

Gold

Bismuth

Succinic

Bismuth

Antimony

Fluoric

Caloric ?

Mercury

Phosphoric

Mercury

Arsenic

Mucic

Silver

CARBON.

Molybdena

Nitric

Arsenous acid

Muriatic

Nitric oxide

Oxygen

Suberic

Gold

Iron

Citric

Platina

Hydrogen

POTASH, SODA,

Tartaric

Carbonic oxide
Muriatic acid

AND AMMONIA.

Arsenic
Lactic

White oxide of

^c/cfs.Sulphuric

Benzoic

manganese

NITROGEN.

Nitric

Acetic

White oxide of

Oxygen
Sulphur ?

Muriatic

Boracic

lead

Phosphoric
Fluoric

Sulphurous
Nitrous

Phosphorus

Oxalic
Tartaric

Carbonic
Prussic

Hydrogen

OXYGEN.f

Arsenic
Succinic

Sulphur
Phosphorus

Titanium

HYDROGEN.

Citric

Water

Manganese

Lactic

Fixed Oils

Zinc

Oxygen

Benzoic

* This table, it may be necessary to observe, does not express accurate-
ly the comparative affinities of bodies, but denotes merely the actual order
ff decomposition, which, as Berthollet has shown, may often be contrary to
that of affinity, owing to the influence of various extraneous forces.

\ Vauquelin's table of the affinity of the metals for oxygen, according'
Jo ^he difficulty with which their oxides are decomposed by heat.

iSS

APPENDIX II.

Table of Sim/tie Affinity — Continued.

Carbonic

Tartaric

STRONTITES.

MAGNESIA.

Prussic

Citric
Lactic

Acids. Sulphuric
Phosphoric

Acids. Oxalic

Succinic
Acetic

Phosphoric

Oxalic

Sulphuric

SILEX.

Prussic

Tartaric

Fluoric

Carbonic

Fluoric

Arsenic

Fluoric acid

Ammonia

Nitric

Mucic

Potash

Muriatic

Succinic

Nitric

Succinic

Acetic

Muriatic

OXIDE OF MER-

Arsenic

Tartaric

OX. OF FLATINA.

CURY.

Boracic

Citric

■ GOLD.*

Carbonic

Malic ?

Gallic acid

Water

Lactic

Gallic acid

Muriatic

Benzoic

Muriatic

Oxalic

Acetic
Boracic

Nitric
Sulphuric

Succinic
Arsenic

LIME.

Sulphurous

Arsenic

Phosphoric

Nitrous

Fluoric

Sulphuric

Acids. Oxalic

Carbonic

Tartaric

Mucic

Sulphuric

Prussic

Phosphoric

Tartaric

Sulphur

Oxalic

Citric

Succinic

Citric

Malic

Phosphoric

Acetic

Sulphurous

Mucic

Succinic

Nitric

ALtfMINE.

Prussic

Fluoric

Muriatic

Carbonic

Acetic

Suberic

Acids. Sulphuric

Anvmonia

Benzoic

Fluoric

Nitric

Boracic

\ v^pm c

Muriatic
Oxalic

Prussic
Carbonic

^11 JL- I HO

Lactic

Citric
j Maiic
Benzoic

Arsenic
Fluoric
Tartaric

OXIDE OF SIL-
VER.

j Acetic

Succinic

Gallic acid

OXIDE OF LEAD.'

Boracic

Mucic

Muriatic

Sulphurous

Citric

Oxalic

Gallic

Nitrous

Phosphoric

Sulphuric

Carbonic

Lactic

Mucic

| Prussic

Benzoic

Phosphoric

Oxalic

[Sulphur

Acetic

Sulphurous

Arsenic

Phosphorus

Boracic

Nitric

Tartaric

} Water .
IFixed oil

Sulphurous

Arsenic

Phosphoric

Nitrous

Fluoric

Muriatic j

* Omitting the oxalic, citric, succinic, and carbonic, and adding sulpl u-
retted hydrogen after ammonia.

TABLE OP AFFINITT.

Table of Simple Jlffi,nity~—Continxcd.

583

Sulphurous

Muriatic

Arsenic

Fartaric

Suberic

Oxalic

Phosphoric

Vlucic

Nitric

Sulphuric

Nitric

Phosphoric

Fluoric

Nitric

Succinic

Citric

Tartaric

Fluoric

Succinic

Malic

Phosphoric

Mucic

Fluoric 1

Succinic

Fluoric

Citric

Arsenic

Lactic

Succinic

Lactic

Acetic

Citric

Acetic

Benzoic

Acetic

Boracic

Prussic

Fixed alkalis

Ammonia

Fixed alkalis

Carbonic
Fixed oils
Ammonia

Ammonia
Fixed oils
Water

Ammonia

OXIDE OF ZINC

Gallic
Oxalic

SULPHURIC
ACID.

OXIDE OF COP-

OXIDE OF IRON.

Sulphuric

PUUSSIC.f

PER.

Gallic

Muriatic

Barytes

Gallic

Oxalic

Mucic

Strontites

Oxalic

Tartaric

Nitric

Potash

Tartaric

Camphoric

Tartaric

Soda

Muriatic

Sulphuric

Phosphoric

Lime

Sulphuric

Mucic

Citric

Magnesia

Mucic

Muriatic

Succinic

Ammonia

Nitric

Fluoric

Glucine

Arsenic

Phosphoric

Arsenic

Yttria

Phosphoric

Arsenic

Lactic

Alumine

Succinic

Fluoric

Acetic

Zircon

Fluoric

Succinic

Boracic

Metallic oxides

Citric
Lactic

Prussic
Carbonic

Acetic

Fixed alkalis

SULPHUROUS

Boracic

Ammonia

ACID.

Prussic
Carbonic

SUCCINIC^

Fixed, alkalis
Ammonia

OXIDE OF ANTI-
MONY.

Barytes
Lime

Fixed oils

OXIDE OF TIN.*

Potash

Gallic

Muriatic

Benzoic

Soda
Strontites

Magnesia

OXIDE OF AR

vjtailic
Muriatic

SENIC.

Sulphuric
Oxalic

Oxalic
Sulphuric

Ammonia
Glucine

Gallic

Tartaric

Nitric

Alumine

* Bergman places the tartaric before the muriatic.
f With the omission of all after ammonia.
_ % Ammonia should come before magnesia ; and strontites,
zircon, should be omitted.

jlucinc, and

3S4

APPENDIX H.

Table of Simfile Affinity — Continued.

Zircon
Metallic oxides

PHOSPHORIC

ACID.
CARBONIC*

Barytes

Strontites

Lime

Potash

Soda

Ammonia

Magnesia

Glucine

Alumine

Zircon

Metallic oxides

Silex

PHOSPHOROUS
ACID.

Lime

Barytes

Strontites

Potash

Soda

Ammonia

■Glucine

Alumine

Zircon

Metallic oxides

| NITRIC ACID.
[MURIATIC .j

[Barytes

Potash

Soda

Strontites

Lime

Magnesia

Ammonia

Giucine

Alumine

Zircon

Metallic oxides

FLUORIC ACID.

BORACIC \

ARSENIC 1|

TUNGSTIC

Lime

Barytes

Strontites

Magnesia

Potash

Soda

Ammonia

Glucine

Alumine

Zircon

Silex

ACETIC
LACTIC -
SUBERIC

Barytes

Potash

Soda

Strontites

Lime

Ammonia

Magnesia
Metallic oxides
Glucine
Alumine
Zircon

OXALIC ACID.

TARTARIC

CITRIC — — — .1

Lime

Barytes

Strontites

Magnesia

Potash

Soda

Ammonia

Alumine

Metallic oxides

Water

Alcohol

BENZOIC ACID.

White oxide of

arsenic
Potash
Soda

Ammonia
Barytes
Lime
Magnesia
Alumine

CAMPHOBIC ACID.

Lime
Potash

Soda

Barytes

Ammonia

Alumine

Magnesia

FIXED OIL.

Lime

Barytes

Potash

Soda

Magnesia

Oxide of mer

cury
Other metallic

oxides
Alumine

ALCOHOL.

Water
Ether

Volatile oil
Alkaline sul-
phurets

SULPHURETTED
HYDROGEN.

Barytes

Potash

Soda

Lime

Ammonia

Magnesia

Zircon

* Magnesia should stand above ammonia, and alumina and silicia should
be omitted.

f Ammonia should stand above magnesia.

± Silex should be omitted, and, instead of it, water and alcohol be insert-
ed.

| Except silex

§ With the omission of strontites. metallic oxides, glucine, and zircon.

^ Zircon after alumine.

POSTSCRIPT.

1 he printing of this work having been often delayed by
my professional engagements, I am enabled to include in it a brief
account of Mr. Davy's most recent discoveries. They are con-
tained in a paper,* of which he has been so obliging as to send me
i a copy, and which will be published in the second part of the Phi-
losophical Transactions for 1810.

According to the view, which had been commonly taken of the
nature of muriatic and oxy-muriatic acids, the former is a simple
body, and the latter a compound of that body with oxygen. Mr.
Davy, from his earlier experiments, was led to modify in some
degree this conclusion ; and to consider the muriatic acid as a
compound of a certain base with water, and the oxy-muriatic acid
as a compound of the same base with oxygen. More lately, how-
ever, he has been induced by the experiments of Gay Lussac and
Thenard, as well as by some of his own, made expressly for the
purpose, to take a very different view of the subject. Oxy-muri-
atic acid he now regards as a simple or undecompounded basis ;
and muriatic acid as a compound of that basis with hydrogen.
The facts, which are the ground work of this inference, fall chiefly
under two classes : Istly, Muriatic acid, it is alleged, can in no
instance be procured from oxy-muriatic acid, without the pres-
ence either of hydrogen, or of some body capable of affording hy-
drogen. 2dly, When oxy-muriatic acid combines with metals or
other oxidizable substances, it is contended, we have no proof,
from an examination of the results, that any oxygen has been fur-
nished to the combustible body.

Of the first class of facts the most singular is that charcoal, ig-
nited to whiteness in oxy-muriatic acid, effects no change in it,
This might be explained on either of two suppositions; -viz. that
oxy-muriatic contains no oxygen ; or that the oxygen, which en-
ters into its composition, is held by a stronger affinity than that
with which charcoal attracts it. Now there are several facts which
show that, under certain circumstances, the affinity of charcoal for

* Entitled " Researches on the Oxy-muriatic Acid, its Nature and Com-
binations ; and on the Elements of Muriatic Acid, with some Experiments
fen Sulphur and Phosphorus."

VOL. II. 49

S86 POSTSCRIPT.

oxygen is surpassed even by that of hydrogen. The experiment,
therefore, does not decisively prove, that no oxygen is present in
oxy-muriatic acid. In a subsequent part of the paper, Mr. Davy
states that no decomposition of oxy-muriatic acid can be effected
by electricity, a fact certainly confirming the notion of its being a
simple substance.

On investigating the nature of the compounds, formed by the
oxy-muriatic acid and metals, Mr. Davy was led to examine, with
particular attention, that which results from the action of ox;--mu-
riatic acid on tin. When these bodies are brought into contact,
the whole of the gas is absorbed by the metal. On the common-
ly received theory, therefore, that the oxidation of a metal invaria-
bly precedes its solution, an oxide of tin might be looked for in
the new compound ; but, by the most careful experiments, Mr.
Davy was not able to discover any.

Again, when oxy-muriatic acid is made to act on phosphorus,
phosphorous or phosphoric acid ought to be generated ; and as the
latter acid is fixed in a strong heat, it might be expected to re»
main after igniting the product. Mr. Davy, however, found that
the new compound, when saturated with ammonia, and afterwards
made red-hot out of the contact of air, yielded no gaseous product
whatsoever (a very singular circumstance when we consider the
volatility of its ingredients.) He observed, also, that the residue
manifested no traces of phosphoric acid, unless it had been pre-*
viously heated in the atmosphere, and had undergone a sort of
combustion.

If oxygen enter into the constitution of oxy-muriatic acid, it fol-
lows that water should be formed by its action on ammonia ; and
this indeed has been commonly stated to be the fact. But Mr.
Davy, on repeating the process with the view of deciding this
point, was not able to discover that any water was generated.

In an experiment originally made by Mr. Cruickshank, oxy-
muriatic acid and hydrogen gases were found to unite after some
time by simple admixture : and a condensible matter remained,
which was nothing more than muriatic acid. This fact is equally
well explained in two different ways ; for we may either suppose
that the hydrogen unites with oxygen furnished by the oxy-muriat-
ic acid, and sets at liberty muriatic acid pre-existing in that com-
pound ; or else that the hydrogen unites with the oxy-muriatic a-
cid, which in this view is a simple body, and that the two united
form common muriatic acid. The latter explanation is the one
which Mr. Davy prefers, chiefly because the presence of oxygen

POSTSCRIPT. 387

in oxy-muriatic acid has not -been demonstrated by other experi-
ments.

When potassium is ignited in muriatic acid gas, hydrogen is
evolved, and muriate of potash remains. But even this salt Mr.
Davy is disposed to regard not as a compound of oxide of potassium
(potash) with muriatic acid, but as a compound of metallic potas-
sium with oxy-muriatic acid. In all cases, indeed, where muriat-
ic acid gas is acted on by metals, he supposes that the oxy-muriat-
ic acid is attracted from hydrogen by the metal, and a real oxy-mu-
xiate generated*

The vivid combustion of inflammable bodies in oxy-muriatie
acid gas Mr. Davy does not admit to be a valid objection to his
theory. The evolution of heat and light he deems to be no proof
of oxygenation, but to arise merely from that intensity of action,
Which attends various combinations where the fixation of oxygen
has never been suspected.

The compounds termed kyfier-oxymuriates, which have been
considered, chiefly on the suggestion of Mr. Chenevix, as contain-
ing oxy-muriatic acid united with an additional dose of oxygen,
are rather, according to Mr. Davy's theory, compounds of oxy-
muriatic acid with metallic oxides. Hyper-oxymuriate of
potash, for example, is oxide of potassium saturated with oxy-
muriatic acid, or a triple compound of oxy-muriatic acid, potas-
sium, and oxygen ; while muriate of potash is metallic potassium
saturated with oxy-muriatic acid.

In this view of the subject, oxy-muriatic acid performs the same
functions as oxygen. With respect to its electrical habitudes, it
may be arranged in the same class with that basis ; and in all anal-
yses of its compounds by galvanic electricity, oxy-muriatic acid is
evolved at the positive and hydrogen at the negative surface. In
strictness, it can scarcely be deemed an acid, but rather a sort of
acidifying principle.

If these striking and ingenious speculations (for such they must
at present be regarded) should be confirmed by future experi-
mental researches, material changes will be required in the exist-
ing nomenclature of chemistry ; and important modifications must
be made in several parts of the received theory of the science.

Another subject, to which Mr. Davy has recently directed his
attention, is the action of potassium on sulphur and sulphuretted
hydrogen, and on phosphorus and phosphuretted hydrogen. If
potassium and sulphur be made to act on each other in glass re-
torts, part of the potassium, he finds, is lost by its operation on the

383 POSTSCRIPT.

glass. This furnishes one reason why less sulphuretted hydrogen
gas was evolved in Mr. Davy's former experiments, from a giv-
en weight of potassium combined with sulphur, than might have
been expected from the quantity of hydrogen evolved by the re-
cent metal. On repeating the experiment, no proof was gained
that the potassium had acquired oxygen from the sulphur. All
that can be demonstrated is a combination of potassium with sul-
phur, in the proportion of three of the former to one of the latter,
which burns into neutral sulphate of potash. Neither did it ap-
pear that by the action of potassium on phosphorus, any effect was
produced beyond the formation of a phosphuret of potassium, con-
sisting of about three parts of phosphorus to eight of the metal.

It is remarkable that the weights of the ultimate atoms of seve-
ral compounds, deduced by Mr. Davy from his own experiments,
do not differ very materially from those which had been inferred
by Mr. Dalton from other data. This will appear from a com-?
parison of the following numbers with those already stated at page
328 of this volume.
The weight of an ultimate atom of potash

potash -

48.

potassium - -

40.5

oxy-muriatic acid

32.9

muriatic acid

33.9

phosphorus

16.5

sulphur

13.5

<iC!

NOTES,

BY PROFESSOR SILLIMAN, OF YALE COLLEGE.

Note 32, page & Natural History of Metals.

The metals are not presented immediately to the hand of man, like the
objects of the animal and vegetable kingdoms, but, they are, for the most
part, buried in darkness, in the bowels of the earth, where they are so much
disguised, by combination and mixture with other substances, that they
often appear entirely unlike themselves. Hence they are acquired only by
slow and painful toil, and by noxious processes, and dangerous operations ;
their properties and uses have been but slowly developed, and it is to be
regretted, that they are the most usual instruments of human destruction,
and, because they are more or less the representatives of all other kinds of
property, they have been made the immediate motives, means and objects,
of the most sordid passions and the most flagitious crimes.

The metals are occasionally found, in nature, in the metallic state, but,
more generally, they are combined with other substances, and, in this state,
they are called ores. A metal, in this condition, is said to be mineralized,
and the substance with which it is combined, is called the mineralizer.
The principal mineralizers are oxygen, sulphur, arsenic, the carbonic, sul-
phuric, muriatic, arsenic and phosphoric acids, and carbon. As far as our
knowledge at present extends, all ores may be included under one or
another of the following descriptions :

1. Native metals, and alloys of one metal with another.

2. Native metallic oxides ; or, compounds of the metals with oxygen.

3. Native metallic salts ; or, compounds of the metallic oxides with
acids.

4. Native sulphurets and carburets ; or, compounds of the metals with
sulphur or carbon.

Gold, silver, platina, mercury, copper, bismuth, antimony and arsenic
are frequently found native ; — iron more rarely, and a few other metals have
been reported to be found occasionally native. The native alloys exist
principally bteween gold and silver, gold and copper, and mercury and
silver. Arsenic, however, is a very common mineralizer, and exists, more
•r less, in a great proportion of the ores. Platina is always found in the
metallic state ; — gold, most generally, and silver frequently.

The metallic oxides and sulphurets constitute by far the most extensive
and important classes of ores. In the state of oxide the metals are brittle,
" have an earthy appearance and exhibit different colours, but have no lus-
tre. Iron, cobalt, copper, arsenic, bismuth, antimony, zinc, manganese,
tin, lead and mercury exist in this condition." (Schmeisser ii. 14.)

Metals, combined with sulphur, are also brittle, but they frequently have
the metallic lustre. The compounds of iron and sulphur are called pyrites ;

390 NOTES.

the same name is applied to compounds of sulphur and iron, containing
copper, or arsenic, and the first description is called ferruginous — the se~-,
ond cupreous, and the third arsenical pyrites.-

Heat produces in the sulphurets a sulphureous odour, and in those which
contain arsenic, as many of the pyritical ores do, an odour of garlic is pro-
duced by friction, percussion and heat. Silver, iron, lead, copper, mescury
and antimony are often found combined with sulphur. (Ibid.)

The only metal whose combination with carbon is well understood is
. iron, in the substance called plumbago.

The compounds of acids with metallic oxides are more rare than most
of the preceding states ; they appear differently, and some of them look
much more like earthy substances than ores.

1. Iron is found combined with the sulphuric, phosphoric and carbonic
acids, &c.

2. Copper with the sulphuric, carbonic, arsenic and muriatic acids, &c.

3. Lead with the sulphuric, carbonic, arsenic, chromic, molybdic and
muriatic acids, &c.

4. Zinc with the sulphuric.

5. Antimony with the muriatic.

6. Silver with the sulphuric, murirtic and arsenic acids.
T, Mercury with the sulphuric and muriatic acids.

8. Cobalt with the arsenic and sulphuric acids.

9. Manganese with the carbonic and phosphoric acids.

The ores constitute but a very small portion of this globe, at least of those
parts of it which have been explored. They are never found in large ex-
tended masses, like those of granite, trap and limestone, but, usually, in
cavities and veins, principally in the hardest rocks. These are often divid-
ed by fissures, running through them in various directions, the two sides
of which frequently tally to each other as if they had been divided by some
convulsion of the globe.. It is in such fissures that the veins of metal are
commonly found. They usually cross the strata at right angles, and, in
most instances, are perpendicular or inclined to the horizon ; rarely are they
horizontal. The veins do not consist entirely of ore; the greater portion
of them is, for the most part, filled with some kind of stony substance dif-
ferent from the rock ; it is commonly denominated spar, because it has often
acrystalline or plated structure. Carbonate of lime, or calcareous spar, fluor
spar or fluate of lime, quartz, amorphous and crystallized, and sulphate of
barytes, or, ponderous spar, are the most frequent, and the latter more so
than perhaps any other. The miners call these thing's the matrix or gangue
of the particular metal ; sometimes the metal is dispersed among the gangue
only in specks ; at other times it prevails so as to occupy a considerable
part, or nearly the whole of the vein. Although ores are sometimes found
in horizontal beds, in plain countries, they are most abundant in mountain-
ous and rugged regions. Granite and the other primitive rocks rarely con-
tain ores, but gneiss and the schistose rocks contain them in abundance ;
limestone, quartz and barytic spars are well stored with them ; they are not
abundant in whin, and serpentine very seldom affords them.

There are perhaps few subjects on which mankind are more credulous than

NOTES. 391

«n that of the discovery of ores. Hence the numerous impositions practised
on the ignorant and avaricious by artful and impudent knavery. It is now
scarcely credible that implicit faith was once reposed in the virgula divini-
toria, or divining rod as it was called, nor should we have expected that
the British Encyclopedia would have more than countenanced a folly which
the good sense of mankind has long since discarded. Mr. Price, an Eng-
lish writer on the Cornish mines, has very, gravely informed us that; "ha-
zle rods cut in the winter do best," and that " apple tree suckers, rods from
peach trees, currants, or the oak, will answer tolerably well." — The use of
these rods was, that, when poised in a particular manner in the hand, they
would be attracted toward the spot of earth containing an ore. Mr. Price
says that if a person with a divining rod in his hand stand with one foot
advanced and a guinea beneath it, and a half-penny beneath the other foot,
the rod will be drawn towards the guinea, and that if the guinea be put
into the place of the half-penny, the attractions will be reversed. This art
once formed a distinct profession, and the same impostors pretended to be
affected with convulsions, swoonings, lethargy, &c. when reposing on ground
beneath which metals lay concealed. It would hardly be proper to mention
such ridiculous follies, were there not still some people in this country who
have a strong leaning toward them. Much more confidence is reposed in
certain indications almost equally fallacious, such as the dreary aspect of
a mountain — the sterility and nakedness of a country — the blighted state of
vegetation, imaginary exhalations from the ground, and many other similar
things. But, when metallic grains and fragments are found dispersed among
the sand of a plain, or in the bed of a river, it is reasonably concluded that
they have been detached by rains from the hills, and washed down by the
water ; when the springs of a country are contaminated with a metalline
impregnation, there can be no doubt that ores are below. Above all, when
a vein of metal appears at the surface, which not unfrequently happens on
the steep side of a hill, a promontory, or the bank of a river, decisive evi-
dence is obtained.

The fortunes of men ought not to be hazarded in mining speculations
without all the certainty that the nature of the case will admit of, and this
can frequently be afforded by boring, a simple and not very expensive oper-
ation, which is worth more than all the divinations and enchantments that
have ever been practised.

MINE AND MINING.

After the existence of ore is ascertained to the satisfaction of the adven-
turers, if the country be level, or nearly so, a pit similar to a well is sunk;
it is called a shaft, and if the earth be not sufficiently compact, the sides of
the shaft are supported by planks and timbers ; timbers are placed horizon-
tally also, at convenient distances, and, upon these, ladders are firmly fixed
in a perpendicular position, and a plank or two laid at the foot of each for
a landing place ; as the shaft goes down deeper and deeper, other ladders
are added, in a connected series, till the miners arrive at the ore. Having
found it, they of course follow the vein ; this produces another excavation,
at right angles with the shaft ; it is called an adit, level, or gallery. If 'the

392 "NOTES.

mine be worked through a rock, there are, of course, natural Walls, and a
roof sufficiently firm ; sometimes the walls of the vein are of rock, while
the roof is crumbly, and it must then be supported firmly by planks and
timber. As the only inducement to excavate "the gallery arises from the
width of the vein, the gallery varies extremely in diameter ; — at one place,
whei - e the vein has failed, or become very small, it is merely a narrow pas-
sage, where the miners can do nothing more than crawl through ; — at anoth-
er, a man can walk erect with ease, and, at another, it becomes a wide and
lofty chamber. Sometimes the gallery is intersected by another vein running
off' at an angle ; here a new gallery may be formed, and thus the work may
be indefinitely extended. A shaft is often sunk from the gallery already
formed, to meet a new one below, and thus these subterranean passages are
made to communicate freely with one another, and with the surface of the
ground. When the mine is situated in a hilly country, it becomes easy to
discharge the water, merely by continuing the galleries out, to the side of a
hill ; but, in a level country, the water must be raised to the surface. For
this purpose, as well as for raising the ore, letting down people and imple-
ments, and for other similar objects, all the powers of mechanism are occa-
sionally employed.

The strength of men and of animals ; mills, worked by wind or water,
and, above all, the steam engine, which is in general use in England, are
employed to accomplish the desired object. In the Dolgoath mine in Corn-
wall, a steam engine is employed to raise the water. The machine there
employed works a rod composed of pieces of timber ; it descends more than
1000 feet into the ground, and raises the water to a superior adit, where it
runs off" through the side of the hill. There is another evil to which the
miner is peculiarly exposed. Deadly gases, consisting chiefly of the car-
bonic acid gas, and some varieties of the hydrogen gases, occasionally suf-
focate him ; and, when the}- are inflammable, which often happens in coal
mines, they become mixed with the atmospherical oxygen ; when the min-
er; descend with lamps and candles to their work, the mixture sometimes
explodes and blows the adventurers and their works into the air, or hurries
them with fatal velocity along the narrow chambers of the mine. To pre-
v< tit these evils, recourse is had to ventilation. When the mine is situated
in the side of a hill, and the galleries are continued out to the side, a ven-
tilation is, of course, established, because the mouth of the shaft and the
tmtlet of the gallery are at different elevations ; the air within the shaft is
in winter warmer, and, in summer, colder than that above ground ; thus,
the two columns of air, thn one of which presses at the mouth of the gal-
lery, and the other at the bottom of the shaft, are rarely in equilibrio, and
therefore a current is established one way or the other. It is observed, that
about the equinoxes, these columns sometimes are so nearly in equipoise,
(because the air without and within the earth is then very nearly of the
same temperature) that the miners perceive a stagnation, and it becomes
Hecessaiiy to kindle, a fire in order to destroy the equilibrium. When cir-
cumstances do not admit of a natural ventilation, as where shafts have been
sunk in a level country, it is accomplished by maintaining at the mouth of
0»e of ihc- shafts a constant fire, which discharges its heated air through a

NOTES. 393

long chimney, and thus the equilibrium of the otherwise equiponderant
columns of the atmosphere is destroyed, and a double current of foul air up,
and of good air down is maintained. No work can be done in the mines
without artificial light, which enables the miner to see v/here the vein is
richest in ore, and there he applies his hammers, crows, levers, pick axes,
wedges, and other mechanical instruments to detach it from the rock. If,
however, this be very hard, it is necessary to employ the force of gun pow-
der ; indeed this is more generally necessary, and the explosions (from their
happening prematurely, or from their driving fragments of the rock to a
distance, and thus hitting those who imagined themselves out of danger)
are not unfrequently fatal to the workmen. The great copper mine of Dol-
goath, at Redruth, in Cornwall, is a fair example to illustrate most of the
particulars mentioned in this sketch.

Much labour and expense are saved when the ore is so situated that di-
rect access can be had to it by a lateral excavation in the side of a hill or
mountain. Then it is necessary only to penetrate into the ground inahori-
aontal direction till the ore is found, and thus the same passage, which
serves as an entrance, affords also a drain for the water, a gallery for the
people to go in and out, and a road for the conveyance of the ore, which is
transported to day light on small hand sleds or waggons, drawn along the
bottom of the adit ; frequently, the miners are harnessed to these simple
machines, as they find, from experience, that they work with more ease in
this way. It is not possible, however, to penetrate far into a mountain with-
out ventilation. In pursuing the narrow passage of the gallery, the air be-
comes so much vitiated by the respiration of the workmen, and by the burn-
ing of their candles, that, ultimately, their lights begin to burn dimly, their
breathing becomes laborious, and every thing announces imminent danger.
To obviate this, either a shaft is sunk from a higher part of the hill to meet
the adit, or another gallery is made at a different elevation, and the two are
connected in the interior of the mountain by a shaft, and thus a ventilation
is produced upon the principles already explained. In this description of
mines, all the expensive and troublesome machinery calculated to raise the
ore and the water, and to let down people, implements, &c. may be dis-
pensed with, and the business is wonderfully simplified.

Of this kind of mines, the ancient and celebrated ore at Castleton, in. Der-
byshire, called the Owdin mine, is a fine example.

Metallurgy.

As a preliminary to the great and expensive processes for extracting met-
als from their ores in the large way, it is necessary to perform the same thing
on a small scale, for the purpose of forming a judgement as to the profit
which may be expected from the mine, and, indeed, this step ought always
to be taken previously to the expenditure of any great sums in the mechan-
ical operations of mining, otherwise, great loss may be sustained. These
operations are called docimasy or the docimastic art ; they constitute the as-
say, by which the quality and richness of the ore is judged of. The habit
of examining minerals will soon enable a person, from the external appear-
ance of an ore, to form a tolerably •orrect judgement of its nature and value-

VOL. II. 50

394 NOTES.

The blow-pipe will proveran important aid to his judgement, for, by means
of this, assisted by proper fluxes, a judgement can usually be forraed, in a
few minutes, as to the kind of ore, although not always as to the proportion
of metal. A piece of charcoal or a spoon of platina is commonly used for
a support to the bit of ore under examination, and various additions of bo-
rax—sub carbonate of soda— black or white flux, microcosmic salt, &c. are
made accordiug to the object in view. The blow-pipe is admirably adapted
to the almost instantaneous production of a high and very manageable heat.
As examples of its use, it may be mentioned that if a minute portion of the
ore of cobalt be fused with borax, a fine blue button will be formed ; if the
proportion of salt has been too small, the button will appear almost black,
but will become blue, on being diluted with more borax and fused over again.
If borax be fused with oxide of manganese, a purple button will be formed ;
if this button be completely surrounded by the flame of the blow-pipe, and
urged with a heat continued, for a few minutes, the globule will emit bub-
bles of gas and will become colourless ; this is owing to the escape of oxygen
gas which brings the manganese to the stats of white oxide when it loses its
colour. If this colourless globule be heated again with the exterior flame
of the blow-pipe, while the air has free contact with the globule, the purple
colour will return ; then by alternately repeating' the first and second ex-
periment upon it, the colour may be discharged and renewed at pleasure,
Should these circumstances occur, the operator would, with good reason,
conclude, that the first substance was cobalt and the second manganese.
For minute instructions as to the use of the blow-pipe, reference may be
had to Bergman's chemistry.

For practical purposes, the examination of ores is, however, commonly
made in the assay fumace. Good, middling and poor specimens of the ore
are selected, that the result may be neither too flattering nor too discour-
aging. The pieces selected should be as free from the matrix as possible,
and the stony matter may be still farther separated by breaking it with a
hammer.

The ore is then pounded and the stony matters farther picked out ; and
advantage is taken of the difference in specific gravity between the ore and
the matrix ; they are agitated in water, or a stream is suffered to pass over
them, when the metallic parts will sink and the stony fragments are washed
away. A convenient quantity is then taken, varying from 100 grains to 100
pounds, according to the nature and value of the ore, and the degree of pre-
cision required ; this is roasted, as it is called, that is, it is exposed, for a
considerable time, to a low red heat, applied in shallow vessels. The object
of this operation is to expel any sulphur or arsenic, which the mineral may
contain ; and which it is, may be inferred from the smell, which is sulphur
reous in the one case, and alliaceous in the other. During this operation the
metal is alrrays converted into an oxide, and the object of the next process.
is to bring it to the state of a metal, by mixing it with substances which
will at once promote its fusion, and abstract its oxygen. These substances
are called fluxes ; they are numerous and various, and different fluxes are
employed in reducing different ores, but they usually contain carbon, as one
ingredient, and some saline or alkaline substance ; the former to abstract

NOTES. 395

oxygen and the latter to promote fusion. The most common is the black
flux, farmed from two parts of tartar and 1 of nitre, mixed in a red hot cru-
cible ; this is well adapted to the ores of lead, copper and antimony. A-
nother flux, well adapted to iron ores, is composed of 20 parts of calcined
borax, 10 of nitre and 2 of slacked lime, and these proportions correspond
to 10 grains of the ore. Pounded glass 16 parts, boraX 2, and powder of
charcoal 1, answer the same purpose. Arsenic and nitre, in equal parts,
form also a very active flux. With some of these, or other fluxes, a certain
quantity of the roasted ore is lieated in a crucible, and, at the end of the
operation, the metal is found reduced, at the bottom of the crucible, form-
ing- a metallic button, whose weight, compared with that of the ore, gives
the proportion of metal with sufficient accuracy to enable those concerned
to decide on the expediency of prosecuting the adventure. This is however
but a coarse analysis, if the object be to ascertain with correctness, the true
chemical composition of the ore. But, in an economical point of view, it is,
perhaps, even preferable to the more accurate methods, because it is of im-
portance that the assay should, as much possible, resemble the metallurgies
processes in the large way, which must, necessarily, be performed with
cheap materials and in a coarse manner, because the expense would absorb
the profits were the costly re-agents of scientific chemistry Introduced into
the smelting and refining furnaces.

This method of examination is via sicca, in the dry way, as it used to be
ealled. But, if we would ascertain the true composition of the ore, so as to
give the specimen its correct place in a system of scientific mineralogy, we
must have recourse to the analysis, via humida, or, in the moist way, that
is, not by fire, but by acids, alkalis and other re-agents. This method is
now universally preferred by expert chemists, where science and not profit,
is the object. Its processes however are tedious and require the utmost
skill and patience in the analyst, and absolute purity in his re-agents. An
account of them involves details which would be misplaced among these
general remarks, and more properly belong to the history of the particular
metals.

After what has been said as to the manner of assaying ores, it will not be
necessary to be very minute upon the operations of metallurgy in the large
way, since the principles are almost identica!, and the valuations in the pro-
cesses are produced chiefly by a reference to economy and facility of opera-
tion. The more general operations to which the ore is subjected, are sort-
ing, stamping; -washing, reducing and refining.

The sorting is merely the picking over of the ore, to free it from the ma-
trix and other foreign bodies. In common cases it is entrusted to women
and children, but if there be several ores intermixed, which it is necessary
to separate, especially if any of them be very valuable, as gold or silver, the
sorting is then performed by skilful men, superintended by a master miner,
or captain of the mines.

The object of the stamping is to reduce the ore to moderately small frag-
ments, in order to facilitate the farther separation of the matrix. For this
purpose, it is pounded in stamping mills. They consist of perpendicular'
cylindrical pieces of wood, shod at the foot with iron, and worked by wind

396 . ^ WOTES.

or water, or some other adequate moving power, which causes these great
pestles to play up and down in huge stone troughs or mortars, containing-
the ore, while, in many instances, a stream of water, passing through the
trough, washes away the lighter stony parts. The ore is always washed or
dressed for the purpose of separating the stony fragments, and there are
many ingenious means of doing this, as in the bed of a rivulet, on an arti-
ficial inclined plain, over which water is made to pass ; in tubs, boxes, &cv
When there are grains, or minute fragments of very valuable metal, as for
instance gold, dispersed among sand, the washing is performed on inclined
plains, covered with cloth, which catches the angular and small pieces, that
would otherwise be washed away. When the stony matrix is very hard, it
is sometimes rendered friable by heating it and throwing it, while very hot,
into water, which causes it to crack.

The next object is the roasting. This is commonly performed in the opera
air, the ore being mixed with heaps of wood and exposed to a gentle red
heat, a good while continued. Sometimes this operation is performed among
charcoal, in furnaces of a particular form, contrived to save the arsenic or
the sulphur as the case may be ; they rise, in sublimation, and are condens-
ed in some proper receptacle. Nitre is sometimes used to burn out the
sulphur, but is too expensive for common use. Some ores require several
repetitions of the process of roasting before they are cleared of their sulphur
and arsenic.

Reduction is the next and most important operation of the whole, t»
which the others may be regarded as merely preparatory. This is done in
furnaces which vai-y exceedingly in size and form, according to the par-
ticular nature of the metal and the practice of different countries.

The great object is now to separate the oxygen, that the metal may appear
in its proper character. For this purpose the ore is mixed with large quan-
tities of fuel, commonly charcoal or oak, and a strong heat is raised ; the
remaining sulphur and arsenic are expelled, and the oxygen, combining with
the red hot carbon, flies away in the form of carbonic acid gas and gaseous
oxide of carbon. Appropriate fluxes are also added to fuse any earthy mat-
ters which may remain, and sometimes lime and alkali, and even some of
the less valuable metals are added to absorb the sulphur more completely.
At length the metal, freed from most of its impurities, subsides to the bot-
tom of the furnace, and the earthy and sulphurated mass floats as a scum or
slag. This is sometimes drawn off at a convenient tap hole, or by rakes,
or blown aside by the blast of bellows. The melted metal itself is drawn
off by a tap hole at the bottom of the furnace, or, when the quantity is small,
it is dipped out with ladles. The slag or scum is not always rejected.
Sometimes it is rich in some other metal, which, during the operation, has
been oxidized and scorified, while that which was the principal object of
the process, on account of its different nature, has not suffered the same
change. The slag is therefore occasionally, and, in some particular cases,
usually worked over by itself, and frequently yields no contemptible product.
Sometimes it is is very valuable of itself, as in the extraction of silver from
lead ores, where the oxidized lead forms a slag, which is the foundation of
the manufacturers of litharge and red lead.

NOTES. 39.7

"When volatile metals are to be obtained from their ores, it becomes ne-
cessary to employ « distilling 1 apparatus, as retorts of earth or iron ; mer-
cury and zinc are metals of this description.

The metals which have been obtained by the processes of reduction, al-
though usually sufficiently pure for commercial purposes, are rarely so in a
chemical sense ; they are occasionally contaminated with some of the earthy
matters with which the ore has been treated, and they are often alloyed
with other metals, some of which may be more valuable than the whole
mass, or which impair the proper qualities of the metal.

Last of all then comes the process of Refining, the object of which is to
obtain the metal absolutely pure, or at least sufficiently so to answer all the
purposes for which it is wanted. As, however, the processes for refining
differ exceedingly, in the cases of the different metals, it is scarcely possi-
ble to give any general account of the subject. Such details belong more
properly to the history of the particular metals.

The number of the metals is now nearly thirty. Most of them are of
modern discovery. The ancients were acquainted with only seven, viz.
gold, sdver, mercury, iron, lead, tin and copper.

JVote 33, page 35. Silver.
The remark in the text, that silver, when dissolved in nitric acid exhibits
a green colour if impure, is strictly applicable to the alloy of silver with
copper, such as exists in coin and in trinkets, which, when dissolved in ni-
tric acid, tinge the solution green, but silver might be impure from a com-
bination with various other substances, without giving, on that account, a
green solution. It often happens also during the action of nitric acid on
metals, that a temporary green solution is obtained, owing to the generation
of nitrous gas, and its transient combination with the solution ; if the green
colour is owing to this cause, it will disappear if the solution be heated.

JVote 34, page 39. Fulminating Silver.
Pulverize 100 grains of the common lunar caustic of the shops (nitrate
•f silver ;) add to it one ounce of alcohol and one ounce of nitric acid. If
these agents are good, there will be a violent action. But this will not
happen with these fluids as they are commonly found, and generally it will
be necessary to apply a very moderate heat, which must be removed as soon
as the action comes on. Very soon a thick white precipitate will appear ;
distilled water may then be thrown on to check the action if becoming too
violent ; the precipitate must be washed in distilled water, after having
been separated by the filter, or by decantation, and will fulminate power-
fully by heat or friction. A convenient way of exploding it is to place a
grain or two of it on the blade of a knife, and to hold it over a candle.
This process I believe was substantially suggested by Descotils, and the
fulminating silver produced in this manner is, compared with that of Ber-
thollet, a harmless preparation. Still, it is sufficiently critical and violent
to render great care necessary in its preparation. Having been, for several
years, accustomed to prepare it, and having never met with any accident, I
had probably come, by degrees, to undervalue the dang-er, and, in conse-

39S NOTES.

quencc incurred a serious injury, which had well nigh deprived me of my
eyes ; the mention of the manner in which it occurred, may perhaps save
some person from a similar accident. The usual mixture of lunar caustic,
alcohol and nitric acid, being 1 made in a porcelain dish, I ventured to take it
up and stir it with a glass rod, to accelerate the action, which was rather
languid, and as no mischief happened from this step, which I had never ven-
tured on before, I stirred it again, and, as some part of the nitrate adhered
to the dish, a little pressure was used to detach it, when the whole explod-
ed into my eyes with great violence, and threw me into immediate blind-
ness, both from the mechanical force of the explosion, and from the corro-
sive action of the chemical agents. After some weeks of suffering and
darkness, my sight was gradually restored, although the strength of the
organs has never been fully regained. I have prepared the fulminating sil-
ver repeatedly since, without any accident. (For a more particular ac-
count, see Bruce's Journal, Vol. I. page 163.)

JVbie 35, page 61. Sulphuret of Iron.
There can be no doubt that the author perfectly understood that the phe-
nomenon of the extrication of latent caloric, attended by light, during the
combination of sulphur and iron, is not, as he has termed it, a combustion.
Were it a real combustion, the iron would be found oxidized, and the sul-
phur acidified. But neither of these facts is so. It is well known that the
compound decomposes water by the aid of an acid, and sulphur rises dis-
solved in the hydrogen, both of which facts are inconsistent with a previous
combustion. Whatever uncertainty there may be (and it is acknowledged
there is much) in the use of the word combustion, it must, no doubt, in
every case, include a combination of oxygen with the body burned, and an
increase of weight in the sum of the products, neither of which facts exists
in this case.

JVote 36, page Go.

HETJEOniC STOKES.

The falling of stones from the atmosphere, is now universally admitted,
not only by philosophical men, but, such a mass of evidence has been ac-
cumulated on the subject, that both the knowledge and belief of these
events have become general.

The phenomenon is usually connected with the appearance of luminous
meteors, or fire balls. Their apparent diameter is sometimes as large as
the moon ;* " from the main body, frequently extends a flame or train.
Streams and sparkles of fire seem to shoot out on every side. Just before
their disappearance, there is a violent explosion, by which pieces -often ap-
pear to be detached, and thrown to the ground."

'*' When the stones have fallen in the day time, the meteor has not al-
ways been observed ; probably, because its light was not sufficiently strong
to draw the attention 6"f persons abroad, to that part of the heavens, in
which it was moving. But, even in this case, the same kind of report has

* See Professor Day's view of theories on this subject. (Memoirs of Connecticut Academy^
''ol, I'. Part I. page 104.)

NOTES. 399

been heard, as that which usually follows the explosion of a meteor. In
many instances, the luminous body has been seen* to come forward to the
zenith, and apparently to burst; and, immediately after, the stones have
fallen, with a whizzing- noise, to the ground."

Meteors of this kind are seen, in some parts of the world, almost every
year, and the same meteor is often seen over a great extent of country ; in
some instances, a hundred miles in breadth, and five hundred in length.
(Day's view.)

Their perpendicular altitude during" the time in which ihey are visible
is calculated to be from 20 to 100 miles ; and their diameter is, in some
cases, estimated to be at least half a mile.

Their velocity cannot be- less than 300 miles in a minute.

It has not been ascertained that these meteors do, in every instance, pro-
ject stones to the ground ; but stones have been observed to descend in so
many instances immediately after the explosion of meteors, as sufficiently
to establish the point that the stones do proceed from the meteor, and it
may be presumed that, in numerous instances, they have fallen into the
water, or other inaccessible places, or been effectually concealed, by being-
buried in the ground, in consequence of the violence of their descent.

The number of well authenticated instances in which stones have fallen
from the atmosphere is now so great, that instead of attempting- to enume-
Tate them all, we shall make a selection of the most important only.

There have been traditionary and historical accoimts of the falling- of
bodies from the heavens, from very remote antiquity. Sometimes they
were reg-arded as objects of idolatrous worship ; such was the to Stomrovz
(or that which fell down from Jupiter) of the Ephesians.

Livy mentions a shower of stones at Rome, under Tullus Hostilius, and
a similar event is recorded to have happened there under the Consuls C.
Martius and M. Torquatus. Pliny mentions a shower of iron in Lucania,
the year before the defeat of Crassus, and that a very large stone fell in
Thrace, in the 78th Olympiad, and three large stones are asserted to have
fallen in the same country, about 452 years before Christ.* These and
other similar assertions in ancient history were uniformly regarded, by the
moderns, as instances of falsehood, or of excessive credulity and supersti-
tion ; but they are now treated with more respect, and little doubt remains
in the minds of men of science, that stones have fallen in every age of the
world.

On the 7th of June, 1492, a large stone, weighing 260 pounds, fell at
Ensisheim, in Upper Alsace, in France ; it was preserved, till within a few
years past, in a church, and was regarded as a sacred object. It fell in a
storm, when tjie heavens appeared to be on fire, and after a loud report
like a clap of thunder.

About 120 stones, among which was one of 120 and another of 60
pounds weight, fell near Padua, in the year 1510.

In 1627, the great astronomer Gassendi saw a burning stone of 59
pounds fall on Mount Vaiser, near the city of Nice, in France.

» Many of the facts stated in this abstract are taken from a table drawn up by Mr. Izarn, and
which may be found in the Phil. Mag. XV. 182, and Thomson's Chemistry, second edition, Vol*
III. page 419.

400 NOTES.

In 1706, a stone of 72 pounds fell, near Sarissa, in Macedonia.

In 1750, a stony mass iill at Niort, in Normandy.

In July, 1753, there was a shower of stones at Plann, near Tabor, in Bo-
hemia ; and, in September, two stones, weighing 20 pounds, fell at Sipo-
nas, in Bresse ; and still another instance occurred in the same year, in the
Bichstadt country, in Germany. A labourer at a brick kiln, when the
ground was covered with snow, saw a body fall immediately after a violent
report like thunder. He ran to the spot, but the stone still retained so
much heat, that it could not be handled. It was about six inches in diam-
eter.

In 1762, two stones, of 200 and 300 pounds, fell near Verona.

" On the 13th of September, 1768, a tempestuous cloud was seen near
the castle of Suc6, in Main. From this was heard an explosion like thun-
der ; but, without the appearance of lightning, and, directly after, a remarka-
ble whizzing noise in the air. A number of travellers, looking up, saw an
•pake body descend in a curve line, and fall at a distance from them. They
all ran to the place, and found a kind of stone half buried in the ground,
and too hot to be touched." (Professor Day's Discourse.)

In the same year a stone fell at Aire, in Artois, and another at Le Co-
tentin.

A shower of stones fell at Barboutan, near Roquefort, in July 1789.

July 24, 1790, there was an extensive shower of stones in the environs
of Agen.*

June 16, 1794, about 7 o'clock, P. M. at Sienna, in Italy, a tremendous
cloud came from the north, sending forth sparks like a rocket, burning,
and smoking like a furnace, producing violent explosions, and casting
down stones to the ground. The cloud was very high. The stones, which
were about twelve in number, fell at the feet of several persons.

December 13, 1795, near the Wold Cottage, in Yorkshire, England, un-
usual noises* like distant reports of pistols or guns, and also a -whizzing,
were heard in the air ; there was no thunder or lightning. A labourer
saw a body descend and strike the ground ; several persons went imme-
diately to the spot, and found an extraordinary stone, weighing 56 pounds,
buried 21 inches in the earth. It was warm, smoked, and smelt strongly
of sulphur.

February 19, 1796, a stone of 10 pounds fell in Portugal.

March 12, 1798, one of 20 pounds fell at Sales, near Ville Franche, and,
®n the 17th of the same month and year, another, of the same weight, at
Sale, Department of the Rhone.

December 19, (same year,) about 8 o'clock, in a clear serene evening, a
large fire ball was seen at Benares, in Bengal ; it was attenaed by a loud
noise like thunder, or a discharge of musquetry, and a shower of stones
fell in a neighbouring field, and buried themselves about 6 inches deep.

April 26, 1802, about 1 o'clock, P. M. near L'Aigle, in Normandy, a
very brilliant fiery globe was seen to move very rapidly through the at-
mosphere. Immediately after, a violent explosion, which lasted five or six

* A stone is preserved in the museum of Bordeaux, which, in 1789 or 1790, fell through the
r-oof of a cottage, and killed a herdsman and some catties.

NOTES. 401

minutes, was heard at the distance of 30 leagues, in every direction from
L'Aigle. The sky was serene and calm, and there were only a few light
clouds. A shower of stones fell in various parts of a district 7 miles in
length, and 2 or 3 in breadth ; the largest stone weighed 17 pounds, and
the whole number was thought to be two or three thousand. One of them
{presented by Col. Gibbs,) is preserved in the cabinet of Yale College.

One of the most remarkable occurrences of the kind on record happened
at Weston, in Connecticut, on the 14th of December, 1807. Just after the
dawn, a luminous meteor, or fire ball, apparently one half or two thirds as
large as the moon, rose from the horizon in the north, and proceeded with
great velocity, and a waving motion, nearly to the zenith ; it was distinctly
visible, through the clouds which partly covered the sky, appearing like
the sun in a mist, and, when it passed the spots of clear sky, it flashed,
with a vivid light, on the beholders, sparkled like a fire brand carried rap-
idly against the wind, discovered a waving conical train or tail of paler
light ; and, at length, with three loud and distinct explosions, like those
of cannon, with as many leaps, and a rapid succession of fainter reports,
like those of musketry, and a decay of light somewhat gradual, disappear-
ed. This meteor was seen from Vermont to the city of New -York, and o-
ver an extent of two or three hundred miles from New -Jersey, to Salem in
Massachusetts. Masses of stone were projected from it, at each of the
three principal explosions ; they were scattered over an extent of ten miles
in length, and three or four in breadth. One mass fell within a few yards
of a man who was standing at his door ; it was dashed to pieces on a rock ;
a piece as large as a goose egg remained unbroken, and was warm half an
hour after the fall. A stone of 35 pounds fell in a door yard within a few
feet of the house ; it buried itself completely in the ground, at the depth
of two feet. Two other stones, one of about 8 or 10 pounds, and the oth-
er of 13 pounds, fell in the fields near the same house. Two miles south,
two other stones fell, one at the foot of Tashowa hill, and the other upon
it ; the former weighed about 20 pounds, and the latter 36 1-2 pounds ;
they made deep holes in the ground. At the last explosion, a mass of
stone was projected, which must have weighed at least 200 pounds ; it
descended with a roaring noise, and a visible eurve of light ; struck a rock
with a great concussion, dashed it, and was itself dashed in pieces, tearing
a hole in the ground, on to which it glanced, of 5 feet long, 3 feet deep,
■and 4 1-2 wide. In all the instances there was a whizzing or roaring noise
in the air, when the stones descended, and an evident concussion of the
ground, when they struck. All the most important facts were witnessed
by numbers of people, who never before heard of the falling of stones from
the atmosphere.

Since this event, a large stone of between one and two hundred pounds
weight has fallen in Russia, and, on the whole, there is much reason to be-
lieve that similar events occur almost every year, and probably have oc-
curred from the remotest ages.

There is such a wonderful similarity in the appearance and composition
of these stones, that they are completely different from any other, and yet
so similar to one another, that they are readily recognized by the eye of

VOL. II. 51

402 ' NOTES.

even a careless observer. Those which have fallen in the remotest coun-
tries, in the East Indies, in Europe, and America, are almost precisely a-
like in their external appearance, and chemical constitution.

Where they have not been too much broken to admit of its being ob-
served, they are covered externally with a black crust, rough like sha-
green, and proceeding, in all probability, from the effects of heat, in pro-
ducing an oxygenizement and vitrification of the metallic and earthy sub-
stances. In their form, they are irregular, but they often exhibit spherical
and commonly curvilinear figures. When they first fall, they often smell
of sulphur, and are found to be hot if immediately examined. When brok-
en, four distinct sorts or forms of substances may be discovered in them,
either by the naked eye, or by the microscope.

1. Globular and spherical bodies, of a dark brown, or gray colour, hard
enough to scratch glass, and to give a few faint sparks with steel ; easily
breaking under the hammer, and of a compact texture. They are of every
size, from that of a grain of sand, to that of a pea. They lie imbedded in
the mass of stone which appears generally of an ash gray, or light slate
colour.

2. There are numerous and often highly brilliant points of pyrites of a
redish yellow colour, very friable, and, when powdered, appearing black.

3. Portions of iron in the metallic state, dispersed promiscuously, like
the pyrites, through the stone, and varying in size, from mere points to the
magnitude of an inch or more.

4. The basis of the whole stone, that which connects all the other sub-
stances, and from which they may be detached by the point of a knife, is a
granular earthy matter of an ash-gray colour, often inclining to slate, easi-
ly pulverized by the hammer and pestle, and, when in small pieces, with-
out much difficulty between the fingers. There is, of course, a considera-
ble variety in the distribution and proportion of the constituent substance,
in the earthy cement, and, when it has been wet, spots of iron rust often
appear upon the surface. The specific gravity varies from 3.352 to 4.281.

In the stones which fell at Weston, there was a considerable variety in
the appearance of the earthy cement ; some parts of it were light coloured,
almost white, and of regular forms, as if those parts had once been a crys-
tallized substance. In the composition of these stones there is such a sur-
prising coincidence, as, in connection with their physical characters, and
the phenomena which attend their appearance, must render it in the high-.
est degree probable that they have a similar origin. According to Mr.
Howard, a stone, which fell at Benares, consisted, in its different parts, of
the following ingredients :

. , J 10.5 ir<
I ne pyrites contained, < , „
rj ) 1.0 n:

f 2.0 sulphur,

on,

ckel,
I 2.0 earths, and foreign bodies.

15,5

NOTES. 403

("50.0 silex,
I 15.0

The spherical bodies, ^ JJjj ^oHron,
2.5 oxide of nickel.

107.5

f48.0 silex r
18.0 magnesia,

The earthy cement, *( _ . ' S »..

J j 34.0 oxide of iron,

\ 2.5 oxide of nickel.

The stone of Yorkshire, when deprived as much as possible of metallic

masses, gave Mr. Howard the following proportions in 150 grains :

75 silex,

37 magnesia,

48 oxide of iron,

2 oxide of nickel.

162
The increase of weight was occasioned by the addition of oxygen to the
metals.

The stones of L'Aigle yielded to Vauquelin and Fourcroy :
54 silex,
36 oxide of iron,
9 magnesia-,

3 oxide of nickel,
2 sulphur,

1 lime.

105
The stone of Ensisheim gave the same analysts ;
56.0 silex,
30.0 oxide of iron,
12.0 magnesia,

2.4 nickel,

3.5 sulphur,
1.4 lime.

105.3
The stones which fell at Weston, in 1807, gave, according to my analysis,
51.5 silex,
38. oxide of iron,
13. magnesia, .
1.5 oxide of nickel,
1. sulphur.

105
Thus we see that the stones consist, invariably, of silex, iron, magnesia,
nickel, and sulphur ; the silex constitutes generally about one half; — the

404 NOTES.

iron from a quarter to a third, and sometimes more ; the magnesia from a
tenth to a sixth, and that the sulphur and nickel are in very small pro-
portion. *

The lime mentioned in two of the analyses is probably accidental, and the "
existence of chrome has been asserted by Laugier, but this has not been
confirmed by other chemists.

As to the origin of these bodies, the subject is involved in such obscuri-
ty that no satisfactory conjecture, not to say hypothesis or theory, has been
as yet advanced. There is, however, some difference in the degrees of im-
probability, attached to them respectively. All that deserve any attention
may be included under the following heads :

1. The meteoric stones are formed in the atmosphere.

2. They are thrown from the volcanoes of this earth.

3. They are ejected from those of the moon.

4. They are thrown from terrestrial comets.

The mere existence of so many hypotheses is sufficient to prove, that we
have no real knowledge on the subject. A few remarks on each of these
suppositions will suffice to show that it is much more easy to raise objec-
tions than to substitute a satisfactory explanation.

1. As to the atmospheric formation of these bodies. Of the ingredients
found in these stones, sulphur is the only one ever known to be in the state
of vapour, and the proportion of this found in the various meteoric stones
that have been analysed, is extremely small. Silex* and magnesia are not
only not volatilizable, but they are nearly infusible ; iron and nickel re-
quire the most violent degrees of heat to become fluid, and probably can
never have more than a momentary existence in the state of vapour, even
in the most powerful furnaces. How is it possible then that these sub-
stances should get into the atmosphere in the state of vapour or gas, and,
if possible, why have they never been found in the air when it has been
analysed ?

Since the discovery of Mr. Davy that several of the earths have very
combustible metallic bases, he has suggested that these bases may come
into the atmosphere in a metallic state, and there take fire ; but, if the de-
composition of silex had been satisfactorily effected, which it has not, still
this explanation would be embarrassed with difficulties which must attend
the theory of the atmospheric formation of the meteoric stones, even al-
lowing it possible for the materials of which they are composed to exist in
the ail', in the state of vapour or gas.

Should they combine in the air, is it credible that they would rush from
great distant r s to one point, and there form a large solid body ; would they
not rather be prec.pi + ated in small masses or flakes like snow or hail ?
Hail is never precipitated in masses weighing hundreds of pounds ; on the
contrary, hail stones do not often exceed a few ounces in weight, and we
have every reason to suppose that the region in which they are formed is
often filled with aqueous vapour, where corpuscular attraction, could it
ever exert such an extensive agency upon aeriform particles would pro-
duce a great aggregation of matter. These difficulties are much increas-
ed, when we consider that some of the meteors from which the stones have

NOTES. 405

descended, have been hundreds and sometimes thousands of feet in circum-
ference ; this is admitted by the best astronomers and philosophers, and is
capable of being satisfactorily shown from deductions drawn from their ap-
parent diameter^ and the time that has elapsed between the extinction of
the luminary at the explosion, and the arrival of the sound to the car of
the observer.

But, even waving all these difficulties, how could these meteoric bodies
acquire their prodigious horizontal velocity ? If formed in the air, they
would descend rapidly in lines perpendicular to the horizon ; but their
motion is nearly horizontal, and it could not be communicated by the air ;
for, " the progress of the most violent wind is not more than two or three
miles in a minute — but a meteor moves several hundred — the velocity of
sound is less than 1200 feet in a second, that of a meteor more than 20,000
— the greatest force of gunpowder will throw a cannon ball but a very few
miles, while a meteor is often seen to move several hundred." Other ob-
jections might be urged against this theory, but these are sufficient to
prove that it is untenable.

2. Their origin from terrestrial volcanoes is still more improbable. The
composition and appearance of the stones is different from that of any known
volcanic substances ; the stones have fallen hundreds and even thousands
of miles from volcanoes ; distances to which it is impossible that they
should be conveyed, by any force that can be exerted at the surface of the
earth, and when it is considered that the stones which have come down to
us are merely minute portions, torn off from the great meteoric bodies,
which have continued to move on after the rupture, and had they fallen,
would have been of sufficient size in some instances, to have filled the cra-
ters of the largest volcanoes, this theory must be regarded as inadmissible,
and, indeed, at the present time, I believe it has no advocates.

"VVe are not assuming one theory to oppose another, for, luminous me-
teors, which have apparently exploded, and been extinguished, at the mo-
ment when atmospheric stones have fallen, have appeared in so large a pro-
portion of the instances that are best attested, and most minutely describ-
ed, that, notwithstanding some cases have occurred where the stones have
apparently proceeded from burning clouds, and no fiery globe has been ob-
served, still these appearances were probably the effect of optical illusion,
or of the presence of the sun's light, and we are sufficiently authorised to
conclude that atmospheric stones proceed from luminous meteors passing
rapidly through the air, and no theory can be satisfactory which does not
account for both.

3. Their ejection from lunar volcanoes, although supported by one of
the most distinguished of the French philosophers, and countenanced prob-
ably by a majority of the men of science in Europe, appears to be hardly
more tenable than the two preceding theories. It is admitted to be possi-
ble, that if a body were thrown from the moon with a force of about ten
thousand feet in a second, it might pass the point of equal attraction,
which is about twenty-four thousand miles from the moon's centre, and,
then, if the earth and moon were relatively at rest, it would come in a
right line to the earth's surface ; but, as the moon and earth are both

S06 NOTES.

moving forward in their respective orbits, the path described by a "body
projected from the moon would be a curve, the result of the composition
of the motion of the moon in her orbit, the projectile force, and the power
of gravitation, and the body would therefore probably revolve around the
earth ; if by any means pieces were detached from it, they would fall to
the earth, and thus the theory appears to be possible, if we take into view
only those insignificant portions of the meteoric bodies which come to the
earth. Philosophers seem to have employed themselves principally in ac-
counting- fo%these, without taking- into consideration that they are mere
atoms of the bodies from which they have come. The body of a meteor is
a firm compact substance, for no other could preserve the correct globular
form in moving so rapidly through the atmosphere ; and their light is usu-
ally well defined, so that hundreds and thousands of people who have seen
them at once, give substantially the same account as to their apparent
magnitude ; hence there is good reason to conclude, that the estimates
which have been made of their magnitudes have not been much overrated.
Dr. Herschell estimates the altitude of the lunar mountains as being gen-
erally not more than half a mile ; now is it credible, that bodies whose
diameter is from two or three hundred feet to half a mile, should be pro-
jected from lunar volcanoes, and with such force as to go beyond the com-
mon centre of attraction, and arrive in the atmosphere of the earth ? In-
deed, if it may be permitted seriously to combat so extravagant a suppo-
sition, would not the re-action upon the moon itself produce a violent ex-
plosion of her own sphere, as a gun is burst by an over charge. We do
not know the composition of the moon, and it may, for ought we know, be
uniformly composed of silex, iron, magnesia, sulphur, and nickel, but this
is in the highest degree improbable ; yet as the meteoric stones are all of
similar composition, the theory implies this, while we know that the lavas
and other volcanic matters of our own earth are composed of the most va-
rious ingredients, and are often very dissimilar from each other.

Probably, not a year elapses without a meteor's being seen in some part
of the world, and, had they been of lunar origin, no small part-of that sa-
tellite would, ere this, have been shot off in meteors.

4. Their origin from terrestrial comets, is the only one of the theories
which remains to be considered. That the earth may be attended by
a system of inferior satellites corresponding to the solar comets, has been
frequently suggested by philosophers ; but we are indebted to the Rev.
Thomas Clap, formerly president of Yale College, for an elaborate consid-
eration, and a minute application of it to the explanation of the phenomei
na of meteors. This gentleman left behind him a paper containing " Con-
jectures on the nature and motion of Meteors." It was considered by its
author as an unfinished treatise, but it was published some years after his
decease, and although it does not appear that the learned author was ac-
quainted with the falling of stones from the atmosphere, (for this subject
had not then attracted the attention of philosophers,) this circumstance,
instead of invalidating his theory, would have brought a great accession of
strength to its support!

NOTES. 407

President Clap had it in view merely to account for the lire bulls usually
denominated meteors.

The explanation was founded upon an analogy drawn from the solar
comets— particularly, from the eccentricity of their orbits, their conse-
quent near approach to the sun in their perihelion, their prodigious dis-
tance at their aphelion, and the long course of time, in some instances hun-
dreds of years, which they take to accomplish their revolutions. " Presi-
dent Clap supposed (see Professor Day's View) that the earth is furnished
with its system of comets, as well as the sun— that their size, and the pe-
riod of their revolutions are proportioned to the comparative smallncss of
the primary body, about which they revolve— that, like the solar comets, they
move off in very elliptical orbits ; and, during the greatest part of their
circuit, are too far distant to be visible— that, in their approach to the
earth, they fall within our atmosphere— that, by the friction of the air,
they are heated, and highly electrified— that the electricity is discharged
with a very violent report — that they then move off in their orbits, and, by
their great velocity, are soon carried out of our sight."

The appearance of the meteors is such as corresponds very well with this
view of the subject.

The dimensions of these bodies, the rapidity of their motion, the direc-
tion of their course, the proportion which they bear in size to their central
body the earth, being about the same as the little planets, recently discov-
ered between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter, have to the sun, iibout which
they revolve, all accord perfectly well with the supposition of planetary
bodies moving throug-h the lower part of their orbits, and not at all with
what might be expected from matter falling from condensed gases or va-
pours, or projected from lunar or terrestrial volcanoes.

It is calculated, that if a body, moving horizontally near the earth, have
a velocity of less than 300 miles in a minute, it must full to the earth — if
of more than 430, it will, if undisturbed by other bodies, fly of in an hy-
perbola, and will never return.

Adequate allowance being made for the resistance of the air, and the
motion of the earth, a body will, within these limits, revolve around the
earth in an ellipsis, and return at regular periods.

Now, it is very remarkable that the velocity of such meteors as have
been observed is generally radier more than j'30 miles in a minute, that is,
just enough to carry them clear of the earth and yet so small as to bring
them within its atmosphere, while moving through the lower pai ts of then-
orbits.

Granting the existence of these bodies, and, that their motion is such as
has been described, it is easy to see that any cause which might produce a
rupture or explosion of a part of their substance, might, very naturally,
throw fragments to the ground, and the circumstances which have, "in nu-
merous instances, actually attended their descent ; — its rapidity, proved by
the holes which they make in the earth, the whizzing or roaring noise, and
the violent concussion; its ir regularity, the fkigroents being scattered over
several miles of territory, which is what we might expect fioni the effect
of a violent explosion ; its happening immediately after explosions aetuam

408 NOTE^.

heard from the fire ball and after the extinction of its light, and the minute
pi-oportion which the fragments bear to the whole body of the meteor ;— all
these circumstances considered together cannot leave a doubt that in nu-
merous instances, at least, the stones have been thrown off from a large sol-
id body moving rapidly through the atmosphere. But, the stones bear no
sensible proportion to the whole meteoric mass, and this must be supposed
to move on in its orbit, scarcely disturbed by the trifling loss which it has
sustained, and no longer luminous, because the heat aud electricity have
been, in a great measure, dissipated by the explosion.

There is nothing inconsistent with analogy in supposing the existence of
numerous small planetary bodies in the solar system ; they may be neces-
sary to adjust the balances of motion and attraction, and they may well
enough be of an uniform and sterile composition, since no analogy would
lead us to suppose them inhabited, or even habitable. This conjecture de-
rives confirmation from the discovery within a few years past, of several
very small planets, in the solar systom, where they had never been sus-
pected before.

Upon this view of the subject, it is highly probable that meteoric stones
have fallen, in every age of the world, and that this phenomenon will fre-
quently occur again.

The theory of president Clap, with the addition which has now been
stated, appears to be liable to only two objections, of much importance.

It may be said, that it does not account for such appearances as that of
Sienna, and a few similar ones, where the stones have seemed to proceed
from a burning cloud. Under such circumstances of terror and amaze-
ment, there is much room for optical deception, and perhaps we are not
justified in concluding, that a meteor may not illuminate a cloud, by which
it is in part concealed.

The other objection is founded on the apparent inadequacy of the cause
assigned by president Clap, for the ignition of the meteors ; it remains yet
to be proved, that mere friction with the air is sufficient to produce strong
ignition in a solid body, or to excite electricity enough to generate that
triiect, and the attendant explosion.

The explosion might however be owing, not merely to an electrical dis-
charge, but also to the expansive force of vapour and gases, suddenly and
powerfully rarefied by heat.

With these qualifications, the origin of meteoric stones seems to be bet-
ter explained upon this, than upon any other scheme, but, as yet it can be
regarded only in the light of an hypothesis, recommended by the felicity
with which it explains most of the phenomena. Should one of the meteors
ever approach the earth, without sufficient projectile force to carry it clear
wf our planet ; its fall would be inevitable, and tiiose philosophers who are
so happy as to witness such a catastrophe, uninjured, will have better
means than we now possess, for constructing a satisfactory theory on this
obscure, but highly interesting subject.

NOTES. 409

AUTHORITIES FOR THE PRECEDING STATEMENTS

Clap on Meteors. King on Meteoric Stones. Izam on the same. Nich-
olson's Journal, vol. II. 213, &c. ; vol. III. 99, 8cc. ; vol. VI. 188, &c. octavo
series. Philosophical Magazine, vol. XV. 289 ; vol. XVI. 293 ; vol. XVII.
229 ; vol. XX. 372. Philosophical Transactions, abridged, vol. VI. 99, &c.
bavallo's Philosophy, vol. IV. 375, &c. Gregory's Economy, &c. vol. I.
508, Sec, Edinburgh Review, vol. IX. 76, &c. Medical Repository, Sept.
1808, p. 184. Philadelphia Philosophical Transactions. Memoirs of Con-
necticut Academy.

JVote 37, page 110. Gallic Acid.
The due regulation of the heat is very important in this, methed of ob-
taining gallic acid. A moderate sand-heat is sufficient, and the retort
must be removed from the fire at the moment when a dark coloured oil
begins to rise, or before, because this oil will redissolve, or greatly con-
taminate the crystals of gallic acid.

Note 3S, page 149. Congelation of Alcohol.
The congelation of alcohol was mentioned in a former note ; it is to be
regretted that we are not able to give the process by which this was effect-
ed ; this, if published at all, it is believed has not yet reached this country.
There are, however, a few facts relative to the appearances attending the
congelation, which are worthy of notice. The alcohol was prepared ac-
cording to Richter's process, and was of the specific gravity .798 at 62° ;
it was enclosed in a thermometer tube, in which it was congealed. This
was afterwards effected in a tube sealed at one end and open at the other ;
the alcohol was so far congealed, that on inverting the tube, only a very
minute stream of fluid glided down the inside of the tube, and, eventually,
the solid alcohol fell out into a^glass, was broken into several pieces, and
quickly melted ; in subsequent experiments the alcohol was so completely
solidified, that no portion of it remained fluid. It was, found that solid
masses of alcohol could be soldered together ; — in the paradoxical lan-
guage of the discoverer, (Mr. Hutton of Edinburgh,) " a rod of frozen mer-
cury or sometimes a straw cooled down to a very low temperature," was
used as "a hot bath" for the purpose of fusing the frozen alcohol so as to
admit of its being soldered. Mr. Hutton remarked that the alcohol crys-
tallized, and that it sometimes separated into three very distinct strata ;
the uppermost was of a pale yellowish green, while the second was of a
very pale yellow colour : both these strata were very thin, the last men-
tioned was rather the thickest ; the lowermost stratum was nearly trans-
parent, and colourless, and very greatly exceeded the other two in quanti-
ty." In order to ascertain whether these appearances arose from a decom-
position of the alcohol, Mr. Hutton mingled the results of several process-
es, such as have been described, and heated them to about 120° by means
ef a water bath, by which means a perfect alcohol was reproduced. He
therefore concluded that these appearances were owing to impurities,
which accounted also for a difference in the forms of the crystals which
had been obscured in different experiments. Mr. Hutton concludes that
vol. ir. 52

410 NOTES.

the lowermost stratum contains the true alcohol, and that the other tw*
contain, chiefly, volatile impurities, which can be separated only by freez-
ing, and that it is to these that the alcohol owes its peculiar flavour.

Note 39, page 220. On the Artificial Preparation of Mineral Waters.
It is only within the last half century, that a correct knowledge of the
nature of mineral waters has been obtained. Their utility in a variety of
diseases has been proved by the uniform experience of mankind from remote
ages ; even savage nations know that there is a very great diversity in the
qualities and effects of different natural waters, and they are accustomed to
make use of them for not a few of the same purposes that we do. The most
powerful and celebrated mineral spring of this country, was known to the
Indians in its vicinity, and they first pointed it out to the white people. Be-
fore the composition of mineral waters was understood, their efficacy wa*
imputed in a great degree, to a supposed fermentation in the bowels of the
earth and to some volatile principles, too subtile to be detected by the art
of man. The notions concerning them were visionary and fanciful, and
bordered, not a little, on superstition.

It is not the least, among the attainments of modern chemistry, that more
correct views of this subject have been acquired, and that the exact analy-
sis of all the most celebrated natural mineral waters has led the way to their
artificial formation, upon principles of science and common sense.

To the illustrious Bergman we are indebted for some of the earliest prac-
tical researches, and most useful directions on this subject. He analysed,
with accuracy, several of the famous waters of Germany, and having dis-
covered their contents, he applied himself with such ardour and success to
effect their recomposition, that in a short time, the prepared waters were
introduced into the remotest provinces of Sweden. The dissertations of
Bergman on these subjects should be carefully perused by all who are en-
gaged in these pursuits.

Strictly speaking, all waters except rain and snow, and distilled waters
are mineral ; because they all contain, in a greater or less degree, mineral
substances dissolved in them ; even rain and snow water are not perfectly
pure, and it may be doubted whether water ever is, unless distilled hi glass
vessels, for, water which has been condensed by the pewter worm of a com-
mon still gives a precipitate with sulphuretted hydrogen. In most natural
springs and rivers, however, the proportion of foreign matter is so minute,
as not materially to affect their sensible or chemical properties, and, it is
only when this is the case that the term mineral is, with propriety, applied
to a water.

Although there is a very great variety in the degree and nature of the
impregnation of different waters, they are commonly included under a few
general divisions, according to the kind and proportion of the ingredients
which they contain.

They are either, 1. Salute ; 2. Chalybeate 3. Acidulous ; or, 4. He-
patic ; the first, distinguished by the prevalence of saline ingredients,
the second by iron, the third by carbonic acid, and the fourth by sulphu-
retted hydrogen. This division is rather loose, as these classes are often

NOTES. 411

more or less mixed with one another, and there are a few substances of
more rare occurrence, that are not included under either of them. It may
serve however, as a guide in designating the principal varieties of operation
that are necessary in forming the different sorts of mineral waters. It is
almost superfluous to remark that a correct knowledge of the constitution
of a mineral water must be attained before we can hope to succeed in pre-
paring it artificially, and, the chemist must either perform the analysis for
himself, or confide in that of some other person.

I. Of Saline Watehs. The artificial preparation of this class of wa-
ters is the most simple and easy, although their analysis is often the most
complicated and difficult. All that is necessary is merely to weigh out
the different salts, in the proper proportions, and dissolve them in the
water.

Some of these salts are sold regularly in the shops of the apothecaries.
Such are the sulphate of soda, (Glauber's salt) the sulphate of magnesia,
(Epsom salt) the carbonate of soda, (sal soda) &c. The muriate of soda,
(common salt) is in every family. Sometimes these salts are sufficiently
pure to be employed without any farther trouble, but, more generally, it
will be necessary to redissolve and crystallize them anew.

There are some salts which are denominated incompatible, because they
cannot exist in the same solution without mutual decomposition ; such are
muriate of magnesia and carbonate of soda ; were a solution of each of
these salts to be mingled, there would be an immediate precipitation of car-
bonate of magnesia ; and muriate of soda, alone, would remain in solution.
Should any analyst imagine that he had discovered such salts in contem-
poraneous existence in a mineral water, he must of course conclude that
his analysis is erroneous, and therefore, in any attempt to form an artificial
water, he will be careful not to mingle any such inconsistent ingredients.

Some salts are not to be found in the shops, and therefore must be pre-
pared on purpose. Such are muriate of lime and muriate of magnesia. —
It is best to prepare these salts by adding the carbonates of lime and mag-
nesia to muriatic acid diluted with one or two parts of water. For the
former, marble powder should be used, formed by pounding in a clean
mcrtar very white marble, and, if the powder have been previously expos-
ed to a full red heat, till as much carbonic acid has been expelled as
can be driven off in that way, it will dissolve with much more facility.
Chalk may be Used, but this is apt to produce a very frothy and trouble-
some effervescence, unless the acid is largely diluted, when the action
will be slow ; the same remarks are applicable to the carbonate of mag-
nesia. — As the muriates of these two bases are very deliquescent and
difficult to be crystallized, and, as they are prone, when very much con-
centrated, to become gelatinous, it is convenient to keep them in the flu-
id form, in close stopped bottles. A small portion may be measured out ;
for instance, two gills, and evaporated to dryness, and the residuum weigh-
ed ; this will inform us how much solid salt is contained in any measured
portion of the solution, and thus, much trouble may be saved, as the salts
may be introduced into the water in the fluid form. There are a few salts oc-
casionally found in mineral waters, which it maybe aikiseable not to intro-

412 NOTES.

duce. Such is the sulphate of lime ; it does not possess any known medi-
cal efficacy, and it may be deposited in the system and create serious ob-
structions. For similar reasons, it is even doubtful whether the carbonate
of lime ought to be added to artificial waters, at least in the proportion in
which it is often found in native mineral waters ; for, as it is dissolved in
them only by the aid of the carbonic acid in excess, it follows that, when this
acid, by the warmth of the system, is expelled from the water, in the course
of its circulation, the carbonate of lime may be deposited in some of the
cavities and prove a troublesome impediment ; especially in the kidneys,
the gall bladder or urinary bladder, and the ducts connected with them.
The carbonate of magnesia is liable to be affected in a similar way, and,
although these carbonates are, both, good correctors of acidity, and, in that
way, useful in mineral waters, they may not always meet with an acid in
the passages, which they may neutralize, and by which they may be car-
ried off; if they should not meet an acid in the system, they would proba-
bly be deposited. Besides, their place, as antacids, is much more than sup-
plied by carbonate of soda which is liable to none of these objections. In the
composition of some mineral waters, it may therefore be adviseable to omit
some of the ingredients and even to substitute others ; for, we are not to
presume that the substances which a mineral water has chanced to dissolve
in its progress among the strata, are necessarily such, either in kind or pro-
portion, as are best adapted to cure diseases, and therefore, it is clearly
possible that a water of great utility may be formed without imitating any
native mineral water. Such experiments however, ought to be directed by
medical as well as chemical science.

Among the salts which have been discovered in mineral waters, the car-
bonates of lime, magnesia and iron ; — the sulphates of soda, magnesia arid
lime; the muriates of soda, lime and magnesia, and the hydro-sulphuret of
lime are the most common, and they are those with which we have most
to do in the preparation of artificial mineral waters. Iron is almost the only
metal of much importance found in waters ; copper occurs, but more rare-
ly, and it is not often that waters impregnated with it are used medicinal-
ly, as it is so poisonous to all animals.

II. Chalybeate Waters. Iron gives the character to this' species of
waters, and it is almost always suspended in them by the carbonic acid.; it,
sometimes, occurs combined with the sulphuric acid, but this fact is so rare
that chalybeate waters are generally acidulous and sparkling, and sometimes
they are very highly charged with the carbonic acid. The method of mak-
ing a water chalybeate is simply this : very pure and clean iron, in the state
of filings, is to be introduced, in the proper proportion, into water charged,
or immediately to be charged, with carbonic acid ; the iron will be oxidiz-
ed, in the lower degree, by the water, and then will be dissolved by the car-
bonic acid, and the more highly the water is charged with this acid gas
the more rapidly and in the greater proportion will it dissolve the iron. In
estimating the proportion of the iron to be added to the water, we must al-
low only so much as, when combined with the oxygen and carbonic acid will
ccfual the weight of carbonate of iron found, by analysis, in the water which
We would imitate. A small quantity of iron imparts to water such decided

NOTES. 413

properties that it is necessary to be very attentive to the proportion of iron.
If the iron be in the higher state of oxygenizement, it will not dissolve in tlie
■water impregnated with carbonic acid, and if, after solution by this acid,
it be exposed to the atmosphere, the carbonic acid will principally es-
cape ; the iron will pass to the state of red oxide, and will be precipitat-
ed, a mere rust, and the chalybeate will thus be decomposed. It is there-
fore, for both these reasons, indispensable, that artificial chalybeate waters
be prepared and kept in air-tight vessels. It is for the same reason that
Bergman recommends introducing the iron filings in a small bag, and di-
rects that when the bag is removed from the mineral water vessel, it should
be immediately plunged into clean water, by which means it will be kept
from passing to the state of red oxide ; for, the rusting of iron in common
cases, is effected by the joint action of water and the atmospherical oxygen.
The method recommended by Bergman of introducing an indefinite quan-
tity of iron filings in a bag, I have found by experience not to be so good,
as to put in the exact quantity of iron that is wanted, for more gives the
water too high a chalybeate impregnation, and it is apt to become turbid,
and to have a veiy disagreeable odour, like hydrogen, and, indeed, this
smell probably proceeds from hydrogen, condensed in the water during its
decomposition by the iron, for the chalybeate waters are prone to have
something of this odour. In some artificial chalybeate waters sulphate of
iron is introduced instead of combining the iron in the manner that I have
described. This is a great error, and, no person will ever, in that way, suc-
ceed in imitating the native carbonated chalybeate waters. The taste and
other sensible properties, as well as the medical effects are very different.
Whether an artificial chalybeate, has been impregnated with the sulphate or
carbonate of iron, may be easily decided by the same process which is ap-
plied to natural waters of these descriptions : viz. heat the water for a
short time ; if it is a carbonate, the iron will speedily be deposited, in the
form of a rust, and the water will no longer give the well known precipi-
tates with the prussiate of potash and with gallic acid. But, if a sulphate
of iron be present, there will be little or no deposite during the heating, and
the fluid will answer to the above mentioned tests as well as before. "When
water is highly impregnated with carbonic acid, it acquires the chalybeate
taste and other properties very rapidly ; the iron can be tasted within half
an hour, after it is introduced, and twelve hours will produce a decided im-
pregnation. Chalybeate waters are often more or less saline ; indeed they
are usually so, and some of them are strongly impregnated with salts.
There is no imcompatibility between the carbonate of iron and the salts most
commonly found in chalybeate springs ; it frequently exists in company with
the earthy carbonates and sometimes even with the carbonate of soda. In
forming a saline chalybeate, nothing more is necessary than to mix the
salts, in the proper proportions, with the water, then to add the iron, and
then inject the carbonic acid without delay, and to the intended extent.

III. Acidulous Waters. This is a highly interesting class of mineral
waters, whose nature was entirely unknown till the discovery of carbonic
acid assimilated them with the brisk fermented liquors, such as Cham*
paignc wine, porter, cider, perry, &c. which owe their grateful pun;Tenc;- and

414 NOTES.

briskness to the same cause. There is a very great difference in the pre-
portion of carbonic acid existing in different mineral waters ; even common
water contains a small portion, and there are mineral springs which are im-
pregnated with two or even three times their bulk of this acid gas. It is
the introduction of this gas which forms the most difficult and laborious
part of the business of preparing artificial mineral waters. It is in this de-
partment, particularly, that modern improvements have attained a degree
of excellence surpassing all previous conception, and producing results
which have demonstrated that art can sometimes transcend the productions
of nature.

Those who have not the means of doing better, may still practise the in-
genious, although simple, processes of Bergman. The water to be impreg-
nated with the carbonic acid may be introduced into a bottle, which should
be quite full, and inverted in a proper vessel ; carbonic acid, from a mix-
ture of marble powder and dilute sulphuric acid, may then be passed up
into the bottle, till about one third of the water is displaced ; then, one hand
being slid under the bottle's mouth, and the other placed upon its bottom,
the bottle must be briskly agitated ; an absorption will take place, the hand
will be pressed fast to the bottle's mouth, it should be withdrawn under
Water, a portion of which will rush in to supply the void, and a repetition of
this operation, will soon saturate the water as far as it can be at the given
temperature, and under the given pressure of the atmosphere. The water,
thus impregnated, will have a mildly pungent and acidulous taste, and will
sparkle when poured into a tumbler. The colder the water is, the more
gas will be absorbed. If it is wished to add any saline ingredients ; that
can be done either before or after the impregnation with carbonic acid ;
and iron may be added to make it a chalybeate ; for the acidulous waters
are usually both chalybeate and saline. Although, by the means which
have just been described, water can be impregnated as highly as it conv
monly is, in the natural acidulous waters, the impregnation may be carried
much farther by peculiar contrivances and maniplations. I do not allude to
the apparatus of Nooth or Priestly, which, although elegant and showy, and
sufficiently powerful for the experimental illustrations of a lecture, is alto-
gether improper for operations on a large scale and where it is desired
to apply a great degree of force to effect the combination. The princi-
pal means by which water is charged with the amazing quantities of car-,
bonic acid gas which are, now, introduced into it, may be reduced to three
heads.

1. Pressure. 2. Com. 3. Agitation. — All these are combined in the
most perfect manufactories of mineral waters, and some observations will
be necessary on each of these heads.

1. Pressure. This is applied by means of strong forcing pumps which
may be worked either by hand alone, by the hands aided by a lever, by a
wheel, by coggs and cranks, or any other convenient mechanical power,
and if the strength of men be not sufficient, that of horses may be applied,
and even water, wind, and steam may be called in to our aid. This is how-
ever, by no means necessary. A strong man, after becoming accustomed to
|he exertion, will inject as much gas as will impart to the waters a degree

NOTES. 4! 5

of activity far surpassing 1 any thing which they ever possess in nature. As
this impregnation depends entirely on the pressure which is applied to the
eas to force it into union with the water, it is obvious that the containing
vessels must possess a degree of strength proportioned to the force which
is to be applied. Glass is entirely improper, however thick, and apparently
strong*, because an explosion, which is no uncommon accident in these ope-
rations, would be attended with the most hazardous consequences. The
Vessels must therefore be made of wood or metal. Very strong casks of
oak, made of the very best timber, and constructed in the most careful
manner, are the most proper instruments, if we regard, primarily, the purity
of the waters and the health of those who use them. The casks must be
very strongly bound and guarded with iron hoops and strong iron bars in
every direction ; they must be furnished with an internal apparatus for agi-
tation, or they must rotate on an axis to effect the same object. Their
strength must be such that they will not strain so as to produce cracks, or
even the smallest aperture, for absolute tightness is indispensable to suc-
cess. In an apparatus of this kind, water may be combined with four or
five times its bulk of carbonic acid gas, and it then dissolves iron with
considerable rapidity, and the carbonates of lime and magnesia are also
taken up by the excess of carbonic acid.

The containing vessel may be made of copper, tinned on the inside, and
secured by being enclosed in a strong iron bound cask. This structure has
the advantage of greater strength and tightness, and of being repaired with
less difficulty than vessels made of wood. The only objection against it
arises from the great tendency which copper has to become corroded by-
most chemical agents ; the tin is a partial protection, but there is reason to
Fear that in the course of some time, the tin will become so thin as not to
protect the copper, and thus a deleterious impregnation may get into the
water.

2. Cold. With a given pressure more gas will be combined with water
the colder it is kept during the operation. Therefore, the containing ves-
sels should, if possible, be surrounded with ice during the impregnation, or
immersed in cold water. If the vessels have been suffered to lie in an ice
kouse and thus to become ice cold, it will greatly facilitate the combination.

3. Agitation. Most of the remarks under this head have been already
anticipated. Agitation is necessary in order to bring the water and gas
into complete mixture, and to mingle water that is more highly saturated
with that which is less so, that thus there may be an equal distribution of
principles, which, without agitation, it would take much longer to effect.
At the end of the operation the water in the containing vessel exists under
a prodigious pressure. In order to create fountains of mineral waters,
nothing more is necessary than to connect a proper tube with the contain-
ing vessel, and let it pass into an upper room and terminate in any conve-
nient or ornamental jet, furnished with a stop-cock. This apparatus should
fee made of materials that will not contaminate the water. On opening the
stop-cocks, the water will, of course, be discharged with a velocity propor-
tioned directly to the pressure in the containing vessel, and inversely to the
distance which the water has to ascend. By means of a peculiar contrivance

416 NOTES.

the impregnated water can be transferred from the containing' vessel into
bottles, still retaining nearly all the pressure which it had in the vessel f
consequently, when the bottles are opened, the fluid will fly or sparkle as
the fermented liquors do. Glass bottles are not strong enough for this pur-
pose, and the stone ware bottles of this country are not sufficiently firm in
their texture to contain the impregnated water ; ,the pressure forces it
llirough the sides of the bottle upon which it appears like a dew. The bot-
tles made for this purpose in London are entirely impervious.

IV. Hepatic Waters.

Waters of this description are so extremely offensive, on account of the
fetid odour which attends them, that they are rarely demanded as an article
of manufacture. On account of the action which they exert on most me-
tallic substances it is proper that only clean glass vessels should be used in
manufacturing them ; a tub of wood not painted, may be used as a pneu-
matic cistern. In impregnating water with sulphuretted hydrogen it is not
necessary to employ the powerful condensing machines which have been
mentioned. Were there no objection to the use of metallic instruments,
still it would be unnecessary to condense into water a very large quantity
•f a kind of gas, of which the smallest portions can hardly be borne. Wa-
ter impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen as highly as soda water is with
carbonic acid, would, when drawn, either from fountains or bottles, emit a
most noxious and insupportable effluvium. To form an hepatic water,
either a portion of the dry sulphurets of lime, soda, or potash, may be dis-
solved in water, when it will immediately acquire the hepatic odour ; or (a
way that is probably better) sulphuretted hydrogen gas, derived from sul-
phuret of iron, and diluted sulphuric or muriatic acid may be passed into
an inverted bottle containing water, in the manner that was mentioned for
forming the acidulous waters. Agitation being used, a sulphureous water
will be obtained, sufficiently strong for medical purposes. A sulphureous
bath may be formed by passing a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen gas
through a tub of water, taking care to agitate the water frequently. The
gas that does not combine in its passage may be caught in an inverted jar,
and poured from it into another, and back again, till the water is sufficiently
impregnated. The hepatic waters frequently contain some of the ingre-
dients of the preceding classes, and these may be added by very obvious
means.

In manufacturing mineral waters of every description, and especially
those of the three first classes, care should be taken to select a natural
water, which is, in a common sense, pure, that is, free from any peculiarity
©f odour, taste, or colour.

Note 40, page 272. Test for Arsenic.
Dr. Marcet, one of the physicians to Guy's hospital, London, has invent-
ed a new test for arsenic. His directions areas follows : " To the suspected
fluid, previously filtered, add, first, a little dilute nitric acid, and, after-
wards, nitrate of silver, till it shall cease to produce any precipitate. The
muriatic acid (if any be present) being thus removed, whilst the arsenous
acid (if any and in whatever state) remains in the fluid, the addition of

NOTES. 417

attimonja will instantly produce the yellow precipitate in its characteristic
form. It is hardly necessary to add, that the quantity of ammonia must be
sufficient to saturate any excess of nitric acid which the solution may con-
tain. (Phil. Mag. Vol. XLI. page 124.)

The yellow precipitate here mentioned, is a compound of white oxide of
arsenic, or arsenous acid with oxide of silver ; the use of the ammonia is
to form an arsenite of ammonia, which, by double decomposition with nitrate
of silver, affords arsenite of silver, and nitrate of ammonia, which last re-
mains in solution, while the arsenite of silver is precipitated. The nitric
acid is added, to prevent the arsenite of silver, which is soluble in nitric
acid, from being precipitated in mixture with muriate of silver, when mu-
riatic acid is present ; if this latter acid is not present, there is no occasion
to add nitric acid. " The addition of ammonia is necessary because arsenic
acid alone cannot decompose nitrate of silver ; but in Fowler's solution, in
which the arsenic is already combined with an alkali, the decomposition
takes place at once without any addition of ammonia. The fixed alkalis
can therefore answer a similar purpose ; but ammonia has this sdvantage,
that it does not, when added singly, decompose nitrate of silver, a circum-
stance, which, in using the fixed alkalis, might occasion some confusion.'-'
" The quantity of ammonia must not be too large, for in that case the pre~
cipitate is re-dissolved. But, even then, it may be made to re-appear by the
addition of nitric acid in sufficient quantity to saturate the alkali. In this
case however the precipitate is not permanent, owing to its being soluble
in the nitrate of ammonia, which is formed in the process. Carbonate of
ammonia has also the power of producing and re-dissolving the precipitate.
" The fixed alkalis in excess, have not the power of re-dissolving the pre-
cipitate."

APPENDIX TO THE NOTES.

lode or Violaceous Gas.

I subjoin an account of this new substance from professor Cooper's Bm ;
Jjorium, No. 5, page 175, having seen nothing more extensive on the subject.

Iobe or Violaceous Gas. The Royal Society met, after the holidays,
when a paper from Sir H. Davy was read, describing a new and important;
discovery. About two years ago, a Parisian manufacturer of salt petre,
using all kinds of sea weed as a substitute for barilla, discovered that his
vessels were excessively corroded by a particular substance of a beautiful
violet colour ; he communicated the fact to some Paris chemists, but no
particular notice was taken of it, until Sir H. Davy went to Paris.

This new substance is easily procured, by pouring sulphuric acid on the
residuum of sea weed, after the carbonate of soda has been extracted. It
appears that all the vegetable products of the sea shore yield it when thus
treated. By pouring the acid on the residuary ashes of the sea weed, this
Hew and most beautiful violet coloured gas is obtained.

The French propose calling it iode gas (from the Greek word ion, violet)
but Sir H. Davy prefers the term violaceous gas, as most suitable to Eng-
lish phraseology ; its combination with hydrogen he agrees may be called
hydro-iodic-gas, Sec. Its properties are equally important to the scientific
•hemist and manufacturer, as a dye and pigment. It is the heaviest known
gas ; 100 cubic inches of it weigh 95 — 5 grains ; it is easily disengaged at
the temperature of 156° ; at a low one, it condenses into fine violet colour-
ed crystals ; it is rapidly absorbed by the metals, unit big- with, iron, mercu-

■vol. ii. 53

418 NOTES.

ry, tin, lead and zinc, and changing them into salts of the most beautiful
tints of yellow, orange, and brown. It has many analogies with oxygen,
the alkalis, and chlorine or oxymuriatic acid, ^ike the alkalis, it has great
affinity to oxygen, from which it can be expelled by heat ; it experiences
no change by the action of the voltaic pile, yet rapidly combines with phos-
phorus, hydrogen, and all the muriates ; it is a non-conductor, is very
slightly combustible, yet it is a supporter of combustion. It is so easily
united with all the common metals, and converts them into such fine pig-
ments, that, before as many months elapse in this country (England) after
its discovery, as years have done in Paris, it will be prepared by all our
colour manufacturers, and used by our cabinet makers, wood stainers, and
dyers. The existence of this substance tends to support an opinion of Sir
H. Davy, that acids and alkalis do not depend on any peculiar acidifying
principle, but on certain modifications of matter. All the iodats of iron
and zinc are soluble in ether and spirits of wine, and many of them in water.

New Explosive Compound.

It is some time since we were informed in this country, that a new explo-
sive compound had been discovered at Cambridge in England, by Mr. Bur-
ton ; that it was formed by the action of nitrate of ammonia in solution,
upon oxy-imiriatic acid gas, and that it was supposed to be a compound of
nitrogen and oxymuriatic acid ; its explosive powers were said to be of the
most terrible kind, and the chemical world heard, with much concern, that
Sir Humphrey Davy had sustained a severe injury from it, which had en-
dangered his sight. More recently, a very able and interesting report con-
cerning this new substance has appeared in Nicholson's Journal, (Vol. xxxiv.
page 180 and 276) and we are indebted to its authors, Messrs. R. Porrettv
Jr. W. Wilson, and Rupert Shirk, for much curious information, some of the
most important particulars of which will be mentioned in the following
note.

The compound was formed by these gentlemen by filling, over warm wa-
ter, glass receivers of the capacity of about sixteen cubic inches, and trans-
ferring them into small basins containing the ammoniacal saline solu-
tions. The compound can be formed, not only from the nitrate of ammonia,
but from the phosphate, muriate, sulphate and oxalate, and from the muri-
ate of zinc with excess of ammonia, and from the muriate of ammonia and
iron by sublimation. The carbonate of ammonia, triple muriate of platina
and ammonia, and the sulphate of copper with excess of ammonia did not
afford it. Its formation was prevented by sulphur in solution in the ammo-
nia, or in powder within the receiver ; by charcoal in fine powder, adhering
to the interior moist surface of the receiver, by carbonic acid gas, or atmo-
spherical air equal in volume to one third the chlorine gas, or by an equal
volume of hydrogen gas.

It has been asserted that the compound was best formed at a temperature
below freezing, but this proves to be erroneous ; on the contrary, it suc-
ceeds best, if the solutions be warm ; when at 90°, it was abundantly and
quickly formed, and more rapidly still, when the solution was at 180°.

" As soon as the receiver of chlorine gas is placed in the solution of the
ammoniacal salt, an absorption of the gas commences, and the solution rises
slowly in the receiver. An action is apparent on the surface of the solution,
which resembles small filaments reaching to the depth of about one tenth of
an inch. These filaments, on close inspection, appe.ir to be composed of
extremely minute bubbles of gas, ranged in a line one above another to the
surface. When about one fourth of the gas has disappeared, some of the
explosive compound may generally be observed on the surface of the solu-
tion in a thin film ; the surface then looks oily, and appears divided so as to
give the idea of a map. As the solution rises in the receiver, the. quantity
of the explosive compound inpreases ; and it then collects into one or two-
flattened globules, which, when they become very bulky, fall through the so-
lution to the bottom. The whole of the gas is absorbed. The solution,
after the formation of the compound, contains free muriatic acid, and also

NOTES. 419

some of the compound in solution, if we may judge from its smell and yel-
low colour." The authors of the memoir before us reason upon the hy-
pothesis of Sir Humphrey Davy respecting 1 chlorine, and say, that the
chlorine gas is in part absorbed by the solution, " and there decomposes the
ammonia of the salt, by combining with its hydrogen (with which it forms
muriatic acid) and sets free its azote, to combine with another part of the
chlorine, with which it forms the explosive compound." Upon the old hy-
pothesis we should say, that the oxygen of part of the oxymuriatic acid com-
bines with the hydrogen of the ammonia to form water ; muriatic acid is
thus set at liberty, while the remaining oxymuriatic acid combines with the
nitrogen, to form the explosive compound. The two theories, therefore,
agree in the material fact, that the compound is essentially formed between
the oxymuriatic acid and the azote.

The same explanation applies to other ammoniacal salts ; " the nature ojf
the incombustible acid (with the exception of the carbonic) being of no im-.
portance, the only use of the acid being to prevent, by engaging the ammo-,
ma, the rapid action which the chlorine gas would exert on that alkali in an.
uncombined state ; the existence of it in that state would also be incompati-
ble with that of the explosive compound." This is true, notwithstanding
that the explosive compound can be formed by confining chlorine gas over
a solution of pure ammonia ; but, in this case, the explosive compound is
really formed from the muriate of ammonia5 which is produced between the
oxymuriatic acid and the ammonia,

The result of the action of oxymuriatic acid and ammonia is different ac-
cording to the proportions ; if " the quantity of ammonia present in a free
state, is more than the chlorine can decompose and neutralize, the whole of
the chlorine gas goes to the formation of muriate of ammonia, and no ex-
plosive compound is formed, but in its stead, azotic gas is found at the ter-
mination of the experiment, equal in volume to one third of that of the
chlorine gas employed" — " but when the quantity of chlorine gas present,
is more than is necessary to bring the ammonia to a neutral state ; or, which
is still better, when the ammonia has been previously neutralized by an acid,
the azote, instead of remaining after the experiment in a state of gas, is
fcmnd combined with the superabundant chlorine forming the explosive
compound."

Some of the most important properties of the explosive compound are as
follows : " Its colour is that of bees wax ; it is very fluid ; it sinks, although
with extreme slowness, in a solution of red sulphate of iron. Hence we
conclude, that it mus| be of the specific gravity of about 1.6. It disappears
after some time, even under the surface of water, or of the solution in which
it was formed ; but evaporates almost instantaneously when exposed to the
air ; it then diffuses its peculiar and penetrating odour through the sur-
rounding atmosphere, which then affects the eyes in a very painful manner,
causing them to shed tears. Its action on the lungs, however, we conceive
to be much milder and less prejudicial than that of chlorine gas."

The compound is difficult to keep, on account of its volatility ; if put
however into a glass tube about nine inches long, of which it should fill
about half an inch from the bottom, the remaining space being nearly filled
with the solution ; and if the tube be then hermetically sealed by the blow
pipe, it may be preserved for a length of time, but is finally dissolved in the
water of the solution unless the quantity of water is small. Its volatility
renders it equally difficult to transfer the compound from vessel to vessel ;
this is best done by drawing it up into a small glass syringe, the piston of
which may be made of wood or copper, and wrapped round with cotton ; it
is easily ejected from the same instrument. It is very necessary, that every
instrument employed about it should be perfectly clean, as "the smallest
quantity of grease, oil, or other combustible matter will cause it to explode;
and, although it ordinarily does not explode without such contact, or with-
out a temperature of 200°, yet in a course of 200 experiments three explo-
sions took place, whose cause was completely unknown ; therefore a mask
•avid gloves should be worn during all experiments on this substance.

420 KOTES.

This compound remained fluid at — 16° ; at 160° it distilled rapidly, anal
much gas was evolved ; it did not explode at 200°, but was nearly evaporiz-
ed ; at 212° it exploded violently. Its exploding' temperature is thereforey.
above 200° and not above 212°.

The compound was easily converted into vapour when the pressure of the
atmosphere was removed or materially diminished ; by the application of
red hot iron to the tube containing the vapour, it exploded, and shattered
the tube.

The explosive compound was not altered by the current of galvanic elec-
tricity.

A globule of the compound was placed beneath water, in an iron ladle,
or sometimes in a paper filter, and thus a great variety of substances were
brought into contact with it.

Explosions more or less violent occurred with the following substancss ;—

Super-sulphuretted hydrogen formed by adding hydroguretted sulphuret
of potash to muriatic acid.

Phosphuret of lime, phosphorus, (extremely violent,) caoutchouc, myrrh,
phosphorus dissolved in liquid, sulphuretted hydrogen, phosphuretted cam-
phor, palm oil, ambergris, whale oil, olive oil, do. camphoretted, do. sul-
phuretted, do. thickened by boiling on oxide of mercury, linseed oil, oil of
turpentine, oil of tar, do. of amber, do. of petroleum, do. of orange peel,
various metallic soaps as of silver, copper and lead, and manganese, pure
fiised potash (owing to the heat produced by combining with the water,)
solution of pure ammonia, phosphuretted hydrogen gas, sulphuretted do.
arsenic melted do. oxygen gas, nitrous gas. (A peculiar apparatus was used
to bring it into contact with gases.)

Combustible bodies act on this compound with the most energy ; there
are however some exceptions, as in the case of ether and alcohol.

The effects appear to be owing principally to chlorine in a very condens-
ed state, and in weak chemical union ; they resemble those produced by the
gas separated from oxymuriate of potash by strong sulphuric acid.

There are some combustible bodies, which unite with this compound
^vithout decomposition, of which camphor is a remarkable instance.

Animal substances appear to act with less energy than the analogous vege-
table ones, of which adipocire, spermaceti, butter and lard are examples.

Earthy salts do not explode with it ; among the metallic ones those form-
ed from the nitric salts do, and those from the muriatic salts do not explode.

Our limits will not permit us to introduce the statapnents and reasonings
of the ingenious authors of the memoir now under consideration ; their gen-
eral conclusions are, that the compound consists of a large quantity of chlo-
rine gas very much condensed, and in union with a small quantity of nitro-
gen ; they think they find reason to conclude also that hydrogen enters into
the composition of the compound, and they admit that it is possible oxygen
also does.

The subject is very curious, and serves to admonish us that we may be,
and probably are, very far from having discovered all the active and even
dangerous compounds, of which, under various modifications, matter is
•Susceptible.

GENERAL INDEX.

[The following' Index refers only to the original work, and not to the
Notes of Professor Silliman, which are noticed only in the Table of Contents
at the beginning of each vol.]

Acetate of alumine, ii. 161
ammonia, ii. 160
barytes, ii. 160, 230
copper, ii. 53, 159, 290
iron, ii. 61
lead, ii. 71, 229
lime, ii. 160
«aagnesia, ii. 161
potash, ii. 158, 160, 28,3
silver, ii. 228
soda, ii. 160
strontites, ii. 161
tin, ii. 68
zinc, ii. 74
Acetic acid, ii. 157

obtained from wood, ii,

158
specific gravity no test
of its strength, ii. 159
properties of, ii. 160
mode of ascertaining the
purity of, ii. 278
Acetous acid, ii. 157

mode of ascertaining
the purity of, ii. 27'9'
Acids, general properties of, i. 207
all contain oxygen, i. 207
terminology of, i. 208
metals oxidized b)', ii. 15
native vegetable enumerated,

ii. 107
specific gravity not always a
test of the strength of, ii.
159
found minimal substances, ii.

178
tests of, ii. 235
quantity of taken up by alka-
lis and earths, ii. 374
quantity of alkalis and earths
taken up by, ii. 374
Acid, acetic, ii. 157, 278
acetous, ii. 157, 279
amniotic, ii. 179
arsenic, ii. 81
arsenous, ii. 81
benzoic, ii. 116, 280
boracic, i. 324 ; ii. 279
camphoric, ii. 121
carbonic, i. 216
chromic, ii. 87

Acid, citric, ii. 107

columbic, ii. 93

fluoboric, i. 329

fluoric, i. 327

formic, ii. 183

gallic, ii. 110

glacial sulphuric, ii. 56

hydrothionic, i. 261

laccic, ii. 117

lactic, ii. 180, 199

lithic, ii. 178

malic, ii. Ill

mellitic, ii. 143

molybdenic, ii. 88

moroxylic, ii. 117

muriatic, i. 294 ; ii. 278, 385
sulphuretted, i. 308

murio-phosphoric, i. 308, 317

murio-phosphorous, i. 308, 321

murio-sulphuric, i. 315

nitric, i. 270 ; ii. 179, 278

nitro-muriatic, i. 314

nitro-sulphuric, ii. 39

nitrous, i. 283 ; ii. 179, 278

oxalic, ii. 104, 117, 225-

oxymuriatic, i. 294, 305, 309 j
ii. 385

oxy-nitric, i. 269

phosphoric, i. 317, 318 ; ii. 117

phosphorous, i. 317, 320

prussic, ii. 117, 182

pyro-ligneous, ii. 127, 158

pyro-tartaric, ii. 114

rosacic, ii. 179

saccholactic, ii. 180

sebacic, ii. 181

suberic, ii. 139

succinic, ii. 122, 279

sulphuric, i. 242, 286 ,- ii. 55,
224, 277, 350

sulphurous, i. 246

tartaric, ii. 112, 279

uric, ii. 178

zoonic, ii. 183
Acidula, ii. 107 note, 117
AcHpocire, ii. 177
Adopter, i. 32, 332
Aeriform bodies. See Gases.
Affinity, chemical. See Chemical
Affinity,
of aggregation, i. 38, 47
elective, i. 51, 71, 72

422

INDEX.

Affinity, double elective, i. 64, 72
resulting, i. 59
elementary, i. 59
disposing, i. 60
complex, i. 64, 72
quiescent, i. 65
divellent, i. 66
simple, table of, ii. 381, 384
Agriculture, application of chemis-
try to, i. 17 ; ii. 295
Air, expansion of, by heate, ii. 359
Albumen, properties of, ii. 166

tests of, ii. 166, 168, 169
not chemically altered by

heat, ii. 167
cause of the coagulation of,
ii. 169
Alcohol, preparation of, ii. 146

properties of, ii. 147 — 152
mixtures of water with,ii.l48
combustion of, ii. 148, 150
expansion of, ii. 148
substances soluble in, ii. 149
solubility of salts in, 'i. 149
decomposition of, ii. 150
composition of, ii. 150
analysis of, ii. 150, 151
action of acids on, ii. 151
«se of, as a test, ii. 235
mode of ascertaining its pu«

rity, ii. 291
and water, specific gravity of
' different mixtures of,ii.349
solubility of substances in, ii.

371
substances insoluble in,ii.371
sulphurized, i. 240
Alembic, i. 31, 331 ,
Algaroth, powder of, ii. 78
Alkali, silicated, i. 200

volatile. See Ammonia.
Alkalis, properties of, i. 173

analysis of the fixed, i. 174

volatile i. 185
action of, on metals, ii. 19
use of, as tests, ii. 226
tests of, ii. 235
Alhijs, ii. 22, 26

apt to separate when in fusion,

ii. 26
terminology of, ii. 26
qualities of the metals altered
in, ii. 27
Alum, i. 255

component parts of, i. 255
mode of ascertaining the pu-
rity of, ii. 284
Ahimine, attempt to decompose, .i.
193, 203
method of obtaining, i, 201
its properties, i. 202

Alwmine, carbonate of, i. 233
sulphate of, i. 255

tests of, ii.23g
sulphite of, i. 259
nitrate of, i. 292
muriate of, i. 304
acetate of, ii. 161
tests of salts of, ii. 235
Alumium, i. 203
Amalgams, ii. 26, 43, 66, 67
Amber, ii. 122

acid of. See Succinic Acid.
Ambergris, ii. 176

Ammonia, preparation and qualities
of, i. 185; ii. 316
specific gravity of, i. 185
analysis of, i. 186
may be inflamed when mix-
ed with oxygen, i. 187
decomposition of, by po-
tassium, i. 188 ; ii. 316
its base forms an amalgam

with mercury, i. 189
liature of this amalgam, i.

190; ii. 3' R
sub-carbonate of, i. 226—
mode of preparing, i.
227 ; ii. 316
carbonate of, i. 226, 228—
its use as a test, ii. 226
—mode of ascertaining its
purity, and that of its
solution, ii. 281
sulphate of, i. 250
sulphite of, i. 259
hydro-sulphuret of, i. 264
— its use as a test, ii. 235
hydroguretted sulphuret

of, i. 266
nitrate of, i. 290
muriate of, i. 301 ; ii. 175
mode of ascer-
taining its purity, ii. 283
hyper-oxymuriate of, i. 313
solution of copper in, ii. 53
oxalate of, ii. 105

important as a
test of lime, ii. 105
citrate of, ii. 109
acetate of, ii. 160
fluate of, ii. 226
use of, as a test, ii. 226
succinate of, as a test,ii.233
tests of, ii. 235
solution of, method of as-
certaining its purity, ii,
281
formation of, from charcoal

and pearlash, ii. 316
does not contain oxygen, ii.
317

lttDEX.

423

.Animonia, quantity of, in Solutions of Arsenic, acid, mode of obtaining, ii.

different densities, ii. 350
Ammoniaco, magnesian sulphate,i.255
Ammonium, i. 190
Amniotic acid, ii. 179
Amnios, liquor of the, ii. 202
Analysis of earths and stones, ii 246
inflammable fossils, ii. 250
lime, ii. 295
marls, ii. 297
minerals in general, ii. 241
mineral waters, ii. 220
ores, ii. 261, 268
salts, ii. 244
soils, ii. 298
Animal oil, ii. 213

substances, ii, 162— method
of staining black, ii. 36 — a-
analysis of, ii. 163 — primary,
ii. 163 — more complex, ii.183
Anthracite, ii. 331
Antimony, ii. 76

oxides of, ii. 77, 78
ignited, detonates with the

vapour of water, ii. 77
sulphuret of, ii. 77
glass of, ii. 77

mode of ascertain-
ing its purity, ii. 285
liver of, ii. 77
hydro-sulphuretted oxide

of, ii. 77
action of acids on, ii.77, 78
alloys of, ii. 78
analysis of ores of, ii. 264
tartarized, mode of ascer-
taining its purity, ii. 28§
..Jtoits, acid obtained from, ii. 183
Apparatus, chemical, i. 27, 331
Woulfe's, i. 333
Cuthbertson's, i. 334
Aqua fortis, mode of ascertaining the
purity of, ii. 278, See
Nitric Add-
Arbor Diana:, ii. 37
Archil, ii. 130

Argentine flowers of antimony, ii. 77
Arsenates, ii. 81

■Jlrsenic, mode of obtaining, ii. 80
properties of, ii. 80
tinges copper white, ii. 80
properties of white oxide of,

ii. 81
sulphurets of, ii. 81
analysis of ores of, ii. 264
method of discovering, ii.

269, 273
compound of hydrogen

with, ii. 325
alloy of potassium with, ii.
325

81, 82
properties of, ii. 82
Arsenous acid, ii. 81

tests of, ii. 227
Arsenuretted hydrogen gas, ii. 82, 32§
Arts, application of chemistry to, i .

19 ; ii. 291
Asparagin, ii. 144
Asphaltum, ii. 141
Atmospfieric air, i. 131, 268

weight of, i. 135
Atoms, ultimate of bodies, weight of,

ii. 328
Attraction, i. 38
Azote. See Nitrogen*

B.
Walloons, i. 141
Balsams, ii. 122
Barilla, mode of detecting the adul- ;

teration of, ii. 292
Barium, i. 196

Barometer, rules for reducing gases
to a mean height of,ii.344
Barytes, analysis of, i. 195

properties of, i. 195
base of, i. 195
carbonate of, i. 229, 251

mode of dis-
covering, ii. 274
sulphate of, i. 250
method of procuring pure,

i. 194
sulphite of, i. 259
hydroguretted sulphuret ®£

i. 266
nitrate of, i. 291
muriate of, i. 303
hyper-o-symuriate of, i. 31&
. oxalate and super-oxalate

of, ii. 106
citrate of, ii. 109
acetate of, ii. 160 [230|]
its use as a test,ii.
use of, as a test, ii. 227
test of, ii. 535
Basis, in dyeing, what, ii. 128
Baume's hydrometer, degrees of, re-
duced to the common standard, ii.
349
Bell-metal, ii. 54
Benzoic acid, ii. 116

mode of ascertaining
the purity of, ii. 280
Bile, resin of, ii. 175, 193
of the ox, ii. 192
peculiar matter in, ii. 193
yellow matter of, ii. 193
component parts of, ii. 194,191V
of other animals, ii.- 194
lufman, ii. 1.94

424

INDEX.

Bile, calcuK of, ii. 196
Bismuth, properties of, ii. 75
oxide of, ii. 75
action of acids on, ii. 75
alloys of, ii. 76
its fumes destroy the duc-
tility of gold, ii. 76
analysis of ores of, ii. 264
Bitter principle, ii. 137

artificially formed,
ii. 138
Bitumen, elastic, ii. 142
Bitumens, ii. 140

Black dye, for animal substances,ii.36
vegetable substances,
ii. 131
Black's furnace, i. 29, 340
Bleaching, i. 309, 314
Blood absorbs oxygen, i. 129
appearances of, ii. 184
coagulation of, ii. 184, 185
serum of, ii. 184
serosity of, ii. 185
erassamentum of, ii. 185
■fibrin of, ii. 185
red globules of, ii. 185
action of gases on, ii. 185, 186
effects of respiration on, ii.186
acts on the air through the

skin, ii. 189
its uses in the animal econo-
my, ii. 189
Blow-pipe, "i. 37

with oxygen and hydro-
gen, i. 141
Boiling-point, i. 101

varied by pressure,i.l02
of different substances,
ii. 355
Bolospiian phosphorus, i. 251
Bones, ii. 212

distillation of, ii. 213
analysis of, ii. 213, 214
Boracic acid, mode of obtaining\,i-325
properties of, i. 325
decomposition of, i. 525
component parts of, i.
327 1327)

saline compounds of, i.
compound of fluoric

with, i. 329, 330
test of, ii. 235
mode of ascertaining
the purity of, ii. 279
Moracinm, i. 325
Borate of soda, i. 327 ; ii. 86

mode of ascertaining
'"' the purity of, ii.284

Borax, i. 324; ii. 86, 234*
Boyle's fuming liquor, i. 266
Brain, substance of the, ii. 218

Brass, ii. 54

Brazilwood, as a dye, ii. 130

infusion of, as a test, it.
Bronze, h>54 [223]

Butter, ii. 197, 199

of antimony, ii. 73
zinc, ii. 74
C.
Cajeput oil, ii. 126
Calcium i. 198

Calculi, urinary, ii. 178, 208 [211]
varieties of, ii. 208,
of brutes, ii. 212
biliary, ii. 196
Calico-printing, ii. 129
Calomel, ii. 42

mode.of ascertainingjits pu-
rity, ii. 286
Caloric, general observations on, i. 73
repulsive, i. 74
expands bodies, i. 76
tends to an equilibrium, i. 76
moves immeasurably quick,

in all directions, i. 77
conducting power of bodies

for, i. 78
effects in which it loses its
distinguishing properties,
i. 78
absorbed in liquefaction, L

78, 97
given out by increasing the

density of bodies, i. 78
not chemically combined

when latent, i. 79
capacity for, i. 79
absolute quantity of, i. 80
expands all bodies, i. 81
its motion, i. 90
reflection of, i. 90
refraction of, i. 91
absorption of, i. 92
conductors of, i. 93 ; ii. 10
the cause of fluidity, i. 97
given out by liquids on be--

coming solid, i. 100
evolved during the separa-
tion of a salt from its so-
lution, i. 101
the cause of vapour, i. 101
its particles repulsive, i. 103
absorbed in evaporation,!. 104
evolved during the condensa-
tion of vapour, i. 105
the whole quantity in a body
cannot be measured, i. 106
capacity for, i. 109
chemically combined in gas-:

es, i. 122
evolved from gases by me-
chanical pressure, i. 123

INDEX.

4Wj

Caloric, generally absorbed during
solution, i. 150
charcoal, a very slow con-
ductor of, i. 214
admeasurement and effects

of, ii. 351
table of effects of, ii. 354
expansion of air by, ii. 359
liquids by,ii.360
water by, ii. 360
solids by, ii. 361
glass by, ii. 361
specific, tables of, ii. 365, 367
free, i. 75, 81
latent, i. 78, 98
latent, apparatus for show-
ing the most important
facts respecting, i. 335
of fluidity, i. 98
radiant, i. 77, 90
specific, i. 109
Calorimeter, i. 98
Camphor, ii. 121

acidification of, ii. 121
artificial substance resem-
bling, ii. 121
Canton's phosphorus, i. 260
Caoutchouc, ii. 126

preparation of ether for

dissolving, ii. 154
mineral, ii. 142
Carbon, i. 211

combustion of, i. 214
gaseous oxide of, i, 233
combination of hydrogen
with, i. 235
Carbonates, i. 222

tests of, ii. 235, 236
Carbonate of alumine. i. 233
ammonia, i. 226
barytes, i. 229, 251 ; ii.

274
copper, ii. 52
glucine, i. 233
iron, ii. 61
lead, ii. 69, 71
lime, i. 230
magnesia, i. 232
potash, i. 222, 224
soda, i.- 226
strontites, i. 230
ytrria, i. 233
zircon, i. 233
Carbonic acid, i. 216

method of procuring,

i. 217
properties of, i. 218
generated in several
cases of combus-
tion, i. 220
tests of, ii. 235, 331
vol. ir. 54

Carbonic acid gas, quantity of, ab-
sorbed by water, i.
148, 219— weight
of, i. 218— its ef-
fects on vegetation,
i. 221
oxide, quantity of, absorb-
by water, i. 149
converted into car-
bonic acid by oxy-
muriaticgas, i.307
Carbonous oxide, i. 233

method of procur-
ing, i. 234
properties of, i. 234
Carburets, ii. 26

of iron, ii. 63
Carburetted hydrogen, quantity of,
absorbed by water, i. 149 — several
varieties of, i. 235 — methods of
procuring, i. 236 — combustion ot^
i. 236 — specific gravity of, i. 238
Carmine, how made, ii. 132
Oassius, purple powder of, ii. 31
Cast iron, ii. 63
Castor, ii. 176
Catechu, ii. 98
Caustic, lunar, ii. 37, 288
Ca-wk, i. 251
Cerium, ii. 94

analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Ceruse. See White Lead.
Chalk, i. 231
Chameleon mineral, ii, 87
Charcoal, i. 211

how obtained, i. 212
its properties, i. 213
imbibition of air by, i. 213
resists putrefaction, i. 214
why it makes the best iron,

ii. 63, note
combustion of different

kinds of, ii. 330
not deprived of its hydro-
gen by sulphur, ii. 331
See Carbon.
Cheese, ii. 198
Chemical re-agents ii. 291

their use to cer^-
tain artists and
manufacturers,
ii.291— to farm-
ers and country
gentlemen, ii.
295 — miscella-
neous uses of,
ii. 314
laboratory, i. 27
elements, new system of, iiv

325
apparatus i. 27, 331 *

426

INDEX.

Chemical affinity, i. 38, 47 — how ex-
erted, i.49 — caus-
es thai modify its
action, i. 52 — if
not modified,
would unite bod-
ies in all propor-
tions, i. 58 — u-
nites atoms in
simple propor-
tions only, i. 60 —
estimation of its
force.;, i. 61 — ex-
perimental illus-
trations of, i. 68
action,L47 — its principal ef-
fects, i.49-of com-
pounds the re-
sult of the affin-
ities of their ele-
ments, i. 59 — will
not take place
without solution,
i. 70 — does not"
take place at a
perceptible dis-
tance, i. 70
Chemistry, distinguished from natu-
ral philosophy, i. 10
defined, i. 10
utility of its study as a

science, i. 12, 22
modes of teaching, i. 22
classification of the ob-
jects of, i. 22
new doctrines and nomen-
clature of, i. 25, 208,210
economical, i. 19
Chrome, ii. 87

analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Chromic acid, ii. 88
Cinnabar, ii. 44

mode of ascertaining its
purity, ii. 288
Citrates, alkaline, ii. 109
earthy, ii. 109
metallic, ii. 109
Citric acid, process for obtaining, ii.
107
properties of, ii. 109
♦ combinations of, ii. 109

Cloth, methods of removing spots

from, ii. 315
Clysms of nitre, i. 286
Coak, ii. 142

Coal, quantity of, required for the
evaporation of water, i. 105
varieties of, ii. 142
analysis of, ii. 260
Coating' for retorts, i. 34
Cobalt, method of obtaining, ii. 83

Cobalt, properties of, ii. 83

oxides of, ii. 83, 84, 85
solutions of, ii. 84
alloys of, ii. 85
analysis of ores of, ii. 264
Cochineal, ii. 130
Coffee, ii. 137
Cohesive affinity, i. 39, 47

methods of over-
coming, i. 40, 74
Cold, artificial methods of producing,

i. 98 ; ii. 155, 362
Collar joint, for uniting long or

crooked tubes, i. 335
Colouring matter, ii. 128
Colours destroyed by charcoal, i. 214
substantive and adjective, ii.
Columbium, ii. 93, 94 [128

analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Combination alters the properties of

bodies, i. 48, 71
Combustible bases, compounds of ox-
ygen with, i. 208
Combustion in oxygen gas, i. 125

consumes oxygen, i. 127
increases the weight of

bodies, i. 128
acids are supporters of,

i. 209
spontaneous, ii. 61, 120
Compounds, their chemical action the
result of the affinities
of their parts, i. 59
proportions of the ele-
ments of some, ii. 329
Congelation, artificial, i. 78 ; ii. 351,

362
Cooling, rate of, varied by different

circumstances, i. 89, 92
Copper, properties of, ii. 50
oxides of, ii. 50
sulphates of, ii. 51
carbonate of, ii. 52
nitrate of, ii. 52
hydro-oxide of, ii. 52
muriate of, ii. 52, 53
sub-muriate of, ii. 53
acetate of, ii. 53, 289, 290 '
sulphuret of, ii. 53
combination of ammonia

with, ii. 53
alloys of, ii. 53, 54
arsenite of, ii. 81
analysis of ores of, ii. 262
mode of detecting, ii. 274
Cork and its acid, ii. 139
Corrosive sublimate, it. 42, 43 — mode
of discovering - , ii. 273 —
method of ascertaining
its puritv, ii. 286
Cream, ii. 197

427

Cream of tartar, ii. 112, 115— mode
of ascertaining- its purity, ii.
283
Crocus metallorum, ii. 77
Crucibles, i. 30

platina, ii. 34
Crystallization, i. 42, 69

water of, i. 43
Crystals, structure of, i. 44
Cupel, ii. 70
Cvpellation, ii. 70
Cupelling furnace, i. 29, 339
Curd, ii. 198, 199
Cuticle, ii. 217

D.
Dalton, Mr. his new system of chem-
ical elements, ii. 326
Decomposition, effected by galvanism,
i. 161
simple, i. 51
Deliquescence, i. 43, 224
Deoxidizing power of light, i. 112
Detonating powders, i. 312 ; ii. 31,38,

41, 47, 80
Diamond, i. 211

combustion of the, i. 214
Digestion, secretions subservient to,

ii. 190.
Dipper s oil, ii. 213
Distillation, i. 31
Ductile metals, ii. 11
Dutch gold, ii. 54
Dying, art of, ii. 128

E.
Earths, i. 192

compounds of metallic bases

with oxygen, i. 193
dissolved by carbonic acid,

tests of, ii. 235
examination of, ii. 246
means of separating-, ii. 259
Ear-ivax, ii. 176
Efflorescence, i. 43, 57

its influence on chemic-
al affinity, i. 57
Egg-shells, ii. 215
Egg, white of. See Albumen.
Elastic gum. See Caoutchouc.
Elasticity, its effect on chemical af-
finity, i. 56, 59
increased by caloric, i. 74
Elecampane, peculiar substance from,

ii. 145
Elective affinity, i. 51, 72 [152

Electricity, chemical agencies of, i.

theory of, i. 153
Electro-motion, i. 169
Elements, chemical, new system of,
ii. 326 — proportions ofj
in some compounds, ii.
329

Emulsions, ii. 118
Enamelling furnace, i. 29, 339
Engraving on glass, i. 328
Epidermis, ii. 217

Epsom salt. See Magitesia, sul-
phate of.
Ether, solution of phosphorus in, j.
324
solution of gold in, ii. 32

platina in, i 34
properties of, ii. 154 — 156
purification of, ii. 152
analysis of, ii. 156
mode of ascertaining its puri-
ty, ii. 291
acetic, ii. 154
fluoi'ic, ii. 154
muriatic, ii. 153
nitric, ii. 152
phosphoric, ii. 153
pvro-acetic, ii. 159
sulphuric, ii. 152
Ethiops mineral, ii. 43 — mode of as-
certaining its purity, ii,
288
per se, ii. 40
Eudiometer, Berthollet's, i. 132
Dalton's, i. 275
Davy's, i. 278
Guvton's. i. 134
Hope's, i. 134, 278
Pepy's, i. 135
Seguin's, i. 132
Volta's, i. 138, 333 ; i ; ,

331
with nitrous gas, i. 275
with solution of nitrous
gas and iron, i. 278
with sulphuret of pot-
ash, i. 133
with nitrog-en gas, i. 333
Eudiometry, remarks on some pro-
cesses of, ii. 331
Evaporating furnace, i. 28, 336

vessels, i. 30
Evaporation occasioned by caloric, i.

101
Expansion, i. 81, 75, 76
Extract, vegetable, ii. 97
Eye, humours of the, ii. 201

Farina, method of obtaining, ii. 123

properties of, ii. 124
Fat of animals, ii. 177

oxygenated, ii. 178
Feathers, ii. 218
Fecula, vegetable. See Farina.
Fermentation, vinous, ii. 146,. 150
Fibre, woody, ii. 127
Fibrin, ii. 171

428

SN»EX.

Fibrin, of the blood, ii. 185

Finery cinder, ii. 55

Fire produced by compressing air, i.

123, 141
Fire-works without smell or smoke,

i. 137
Fish, scales of, ii. 217
Flesh of animals* ii. 171, 173, 215
Flints, i. 199

liquor of, i. 200
Filiate of ammonia, ii. 226
Fluidity, caused by caloric, i. 97
Fluids of the various cavities of the

body, ii. 201
Fluoboric acid, i. 329
Fluoric acid, mode of obtaining, i.
327, 328
liquid, i. 329
compounds of, i. 328
properties of, i. 328
compound of the borac-

ic with, i. 329
gas, mode of obtaining,
i. 327 — decomposed
by potassium, i. 328
Flux, black, ii. 267
white, ii. 267
Fluxes, ii. 20, 267
Formic acid, a compound of the mal-
ic and acetic, ii. 183
Freezing points of liquids, ii. 354
mixtures, ii 362
apparatus, ii. 351
Frigorijic mixtures, tables of, ii. 362

—364
Fruit, method of removing stains, of,

ii. 314
Fulminating gold, ii. 30, 31
mercury, ii- 41
powder, i. 287
silver, ii. 38
Fuming liquor, Boyle's, i. 266

Libavius's, ii. 67
Furnaces, chemical, i. 28, 335

Aiken's portable blast, i.

335
Knight's portable, i. 336
wind, i 337
reverberatory, i. 339
cupelling, or enamelling,

i. 339
Black's portable, i. 29 ; 340
Chenevix's wind, i. 34Q
general remarks on, i. 340
Fusion, i. 74

watery , i. 43
Fusible metal, ii. 76
Fustic, ii. 131

G.
Galena, ii. 72
Gallate of iron, ii. 59, 111

Gallic acid,, methods of obtaining,
ii. 110 '

characters of, ii. Ill
Galls, tincture of, as a test, ii. 224 ■
used as a test in substance, ii.
224
Gall-stones, ii. 195

a valuable pigment, ii.
196
Galvanic arrangements, construction
of, i. 152
pile, i. 152

theory of the action
of,'i. 169
apparatus, i. 334, 340
Galvanism, i. 152

excitement of, i. 153
effects of, i. 154
its similarity to electric-
ity, i. 158
chemical agencies of, i.

159
theory of the change»
produced by, i. 166
Gases, what, i. 24

effect of caloric in, i. 74
expansion of by heat, i. 81
manner in which they con-
duct heat, i. 94
apparatus for experiments on,.

i. 115
method of weighing, i. 119

transferring, i. 120
caloric chemically combined

in, i. 122
give out their latent heat by

compression, i. 123, 140
their bulk inversely as the

pressure on them, i. 123
table of, i. 124

become thoroughly mixed un-
der all circumstances, i. 142
quantities of, absorbed by wa-
ter, i. 149
absorption of, by charcoal, i.
213 _ [270

general laws of their union, i.
table of absolute weights and
specific gravities of, and
the quantities absorbable
by water, ii. 342
table of specific gravities of

several, ii. 343
solid and fluid compounds of,

ii. 344
rules for reducing to a given
pressure and temperature,
ii. 344
apparatus for procuring, i. 333
receivers for, i. 333, 340
Gas-holder, i. 117, 334

4S&

Gns, ajnmoniacal, i. 185

arsenuretted hydrogen, ii. 82,

325
azotic, or nitrogen, i. 129
carbonic acid, i. 216
carbonous oxide, i. 216, 233
carburetted hydrogen, i. 235
fluoboric acid, i. 329
fluoric acid, i. 327
hydro-carburetted, i. 235
hydrogen, i. 136 ; ii. 332
hydro-zincic, ii. 73
muriatic acid, i. 294
nitric acid, i. 270
nitric oxide, i. 274
nitrogen, i. 129
nitrous, i. 274
nitrous acid, i. 284
nitrous oxide, i. 279
olefiant, i. 236, 238
oxycarburetted hydrogen, i. 238
oxygen, i. 124 ; ii. 70
oxymuriatic acid, i. 294, 305
phosphuretted hydrogen, i. 323
potassuretted hydrogen, i. 183
sulphuretted hydrogen, i. 261 ;

ii. 326
sulphurous acid, i. 246
telluretted hydrogen, ii. 324
Gastric juice, ii. 191
Gazometer, i. 116, 333

mercurial, i. 118
Gelatine, method of obtaining, ii. 163
properties of, ii. 164
tests of, ii. 165
decomposition of, ii. 166
Gems, preparation of sulphur for tak-
ing impressions from, i. 230
Gilding' of steel, ii. 32
Glacial sulphuric acid, ii. 56
Glass, how made, i. 200

decomposed by fluoric acid, i.

200
method of etching on, i. 328
tinged blue by zaffire, ii. 85
expansion of by heat, ii. 361
of antimony, ii. 77 — mode of
ascertaining its purity, ii.
285
Glauber's Salt. See Sulphate of Soda.
Glucine, attempt to decompose, i.
194
method of obtaining it, i.204
its properties, i. 205
carbonate of, i. 233
sulphate of, i. 256
nitrate of, i. 292
muriate of, i. 305
Glvcium, i. 205
Glue, ii. 163
Gluten, animal, ii. 171

Gluten, vegetable, ii. 124
Gold, malleability of, ii. 10
ductility of, ii. 11
physical qualities of, ii. 29
chemical cpualities of, ii. 30
oxides of, ii. 30

fulminating compound of, ii. 30
precipitates of, ii. 31
solution of, in ether, ii. 32
purification of, ii. 32, 70
alloys of, ii. 32
fineness of, ii. 32.
its colour destroyed by palla-
dium or platina, ii. 47
imitations of, ii. 54
its ductility destroyed by be-
ing kept in fusion near melt-
ed bismuth, ii. 76 — and a
small portion of antimony,
ii. 78
analysis of ores of, ii. 261
Golden sulphur of antimony, ii. 77
Goulard's extract, use of, as a test,

ii. 167, 168, 170
Gravel, urinary, ii. 178
Gravitation, i. 38
Gravity, great specific, i. 56

specific, method of taking,
ii. 244 — of gases, ii. 342,
343 — of solids and fluids,
ii. 346 — rules for calcu-
lating absolute weight
from, ii. 348 — of mix-
tures of alcohol and wa-
ter, ii. 349 — of sulphuric
acid and water, ii. 350 —
of ammonia and water, ii.
Gravy, ii. 216 [350

Grease, method of removing spots of 3

ii. 315
Green, Scheele's, ii. 81
Guaiacum, ii. 122
Gum, ii. 99

acid obtained from, ii. 180 -
British, ii. 124
elastic, ii. 126
Gum-resins, ii. 122
Gun-metal, ii. 54

Gunpoivder, sulphur may be burned
out of without inflam-
ing it, i. 242
composition of, i. 287
peculiar kind of, i. 313
Gvpszim, i. 253

H.
Hahnemann's wine test, ii. 276
Hair, method of staining it black,ii.37

analysis of, ii. 217
Harro-wgate water, i. 261 ; ii. 238
Hartshorn, spirit of, mode of ascer-
taining its purity, ii. 281

430

Beat. See Caloric.
Jfepars, i. 260

Hiccory, wild American, ii. 131
Romberg's pyrophorus, i. 256 — in-
flamed by nitrous gas,
i. 274
sedative salt. See Bo-
racic Acid.
Boney, ii. 103

stone, ii. 143
Roofs, ii. 216
Rom, ii. 215.
House-leek, malic acid obtained from,

ii. 112
Hydrat of cobalt, ii. 85
copper, ii. 52
iron, ii. 56
lime, i. 197
nickel, ii. 64
Hydro-carburet, i. 235
Hydrogen, probably metallic, i. 191 ;
ii. 320
compounds of metals with,

ii. 22, 324
nature of, examined, ii.
320
Hydrogen gas, i. 136

method of procuring,

i. 136
its properties, i. 136
burned under a tube
produces a musical
sound, i. 140
caution with respect
to firing, i. 140, note
explodes by compres-
sion with oxygen,
i. 140
weight of, i. 141
with oxygen forms

water, i. 143
quantity of, absorbed

by water, i. 149
combination of oxy-
muriatic acid with,
i. 307 _
every kind of, con-
tains charcoal, and
probably oxygen, ii.
332 [326]

arsenuretted, ii. 82,
%arburetted, i. 235
oxycarburetted, i. 238
phosphuretted, i. 323
potassuretted, i. 183
sulphuretted, i. 261

union of
alkalis and earths
with, i. 262
sulphuretted, nature
•ofj ii. 326

Hydrogen gas, supersulphuretted, L-.
264
telluretted, ii. 324
" v sulphuretted, compounds
of, with oxides, ii. 22
with metals, ii. 24

liquid, i. 267
Rydroguretted sulphur, i. 265

sulphurets, methods
of forming, i. 265,
266 — properties of,
i. 266
Hydrometer, Baume's, degrees of, re-
duced to the common
standard, ii. 349
Hydro-oxide of cobalt, ii. 85
copper, ii. 52
iron, ii. 56
Hydro-sulphurets, i. 262, 265

alkaline, tests of
lead, ii. 72^
blacken glass, ii
72
Hydro-sulphuret of ammonia, i. 264
barytes, i. 264
lime, i. 264 ; ii

235
potash, i. 263
soda, i. 264
strontites, i. 264
zinc, ii. 74
Hydro-sulphuretted oxides, ii. 22
Hydro-thionic acid, i. 261
Hydro-zincic gas, platina fused by the
combustion of, ii. 73
Hydrurets, ii. 323
Hygrometer, i. 75
Hygrometric water, i. 149
Ryper-oxymuriates, i. 313 ; ii. 387

T.
Ice, quantity of caloric absorbed in
the liquefaction of, i- 98
lighter than water, i. 151
Indigo, ii. 129, 137
Inflammable fossils, analysis of, ii.260
Ink, ii. 59, 111

that is not easily destructible^
ii. 60
Inks, sympathetic, ii. 53, 58.59,72,84
Ink-stains, method of removing,ii.314
Insolubility, i. 55
Inulin, ii. 145
Iridium, ii. 47

analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Iron, solutions of, precipitated by
exposure, ii. 19
properties of, ii. 54
oxides of, ii. 54, 55, 56
sulphate .of, ii. 56 — its use as a
test, ii. 228 — mode of asceiv
taining its purity, ii. 285

INDEX.

431

irs«, hydrate of, ii. 56

oxysulphate of, ii. 56
nitrate of, ii. 56
muriate of, ii. 56, 57
prussiate of, ii. 57
gallate of, ii. 59, 111
tannate of, ii. 59, 133
cold-short, ii. 60
phosphate of, ii. 60
oxy-phosphate of, ii. 60
succinate of, ii. 61, 122
acetate of, ii. 61
carbonate of, ii. 61 [61

combination of sulphur with, ii.
sulphuret of, ii. 62
super-sulphuret of, ii. 62
combination of carbon with, ii.

62
cast, or crude, ii. 63
malleable, or bar, ii. 63
why wood charcoal preferable
in the manufacturing of, ii.
63, note
tests of, ii. 224, 235 _;
analysis of ores of, ii. 262
Iron-moulds, ii. 60

method of removing 1 , ii.
314
Ising-glass, ii. 163
Ittria. See Yttria.
Ivory, method of covering- Avith sil-
ver, ii. 37
J.
Jelly, animal. See Gelatine.

vegetable, ii. 100
Joints, fluid in the cavities of the, ii.
202

K.
Xermes mineral, ii. 77
Koumiss, ii. 199

L.
Laboratory, i. 27
Lac, contains wax, ii. 136
Laccic acid, ii. 117
Lactic acid, ii. 180, 199
Lakes, how obtained, ii. 131
Lamp for chemical purposes, i. 31
iMinp-black, ii. 213
Lard, ii. 178
Latent heat, i. 78, 98
Lead, properties of, ii. 68
oxides of, ii. 69
carbonate of, ii. 69, 71 — mode
of ascertaining its purity,
ii. 289
purification of gold and sil-
ver by, ii. 70
mode of procuring oxygen

from oxides of, ii. 70
danger of keeping water in,
ii. 70

Lead, not soluble in sulphuric acid,
ii. 70
sulphate of, ii. 70
nitrate of, ii. 71 — its use as a

test, ii. 229
muriate of, ii. 71
super-acetate of, ii. 71 — mode
of ascertaining its purity,
ii. 289
•acetate of, ii. 72 — its use as a
test, ii. 167, 168, 170, 229
acetate of, remedy against, ii.

277
tests of, ii. 72, 274, 276
its oxides decompose muriate

of soda, ii. 72
sulphuret of, ii. 72
super-sulphuret of, ii. 72
analysis of ores of, ii. 263
method of detecting, ii. 275

in wine, ii. 276
rendered moi'e dense by com-
pression, ii. 333
soluble in distilled water, ii.
333
Leaf -gold, ii. 11
Lemons, acid of, ii. 107

See Citric Acid.
TJbavius, fuming liquor of, ii. 67
Life, supported by oxvgen gas, i\

129, 135
Ligaments, ii. 216

Light, chemical effects of, i. 111,30?
reflection of, by metals, ii. 10
Lignin, ii. 127
Lime, analysis of, i. 193

properties of, i. 197
base of, i. 198
hydrat of, i. 197
milk or cream of, i. 193
carbonate of, i. 230

tests of, ii. 235
does not attract carbonic acitl

gas when dry, i. 230
subcarbonates of, i. 231
sulphate of, i. 253

tests of, ii. 235, 236
sulphite of, i. 259
sulphuret of, i. 260
hydrosulphuret of, i. 264

tests of, ii. 235
hydroguretted sulphuret of, i

267
nitrate of, i. 291
muriate of, i. 304

as a test, ii. 234
hyper-oxymuriate of, i. 314
useful in bleaching, i. 3T<1
phosphuret cf, i. SIZ
tungstafe of, ii. 90
test of, ii. 105

432

liJDEX.

Lime, oxalate of, ii. 105
citrate of, ii. 108
acetate of, ii. 16Q
prussiate of, as a test, ii. 231
tests of, ii. 236

mode of determining- the pu-
rity of, ii. 295
stone", i. 231
water, i. 198

use of, as a test, ii. 227
Liquefaction, i. 78, 97
Liquids, expansion of, by heat, i. 81
manner in which they con-
duct heat, i. 94
give out heat on becoming-
solid, i. 100
freezing points of, ii. 354
boiling points of, ii. 355
expansion of by heat. ii. 360
tube for dropping, i. 333
bottle for ascertaining spe-
cific gravity of, i. 332
Liquor of surfaces, ii. 201
Lithic acid, ii. 178

Litmus, infusion of, ii. 222 — its use
as a test, ii. 223 — red-
dened by vinegar as a
test, ii. 223
Liver of antimony, ii. 77

sulphur, i. 260
Loaf sugar, preparation of, ii. 101
Luna cornea, ii. 36
Lunar caustic. See Silver, nitrate of.
Lutes, i. 34

M.
M adder, ii. 130

lake from, ii. 131
Jtfajgistery of bismuth, ii. 75
Magnesia, analysis of, i. 193

properties of, i. 198
base of, i. 199
carbonate of, i.232 — mode
of ascertaining its pu-
rity, ii. 290
sulphate of, i. 254

mode of ascertaining
its purity, ii. 284
sulphite of, i. 259
nitrate of, i. 2L'3
muriate of, i. 304
oxalate of, ii. 106
citrate of, ii. 109
acetate of, ii. 161
tests of salts of, ii. 236
mode of ascertaining- its
purity, ii. 290
Magniitm, i. 199

Malic acid, methods of obtaining, ii-.
Ill
properties of, ii. 112
Malleability, i";. 10

Maltha, ii. 141

Manganese, method of obtaining, ii.
85
"properties of, ii. 85, 86
oxides of, ii. 86
action of acids on, ii. 86
gives a violent tinge to

borax, ii. 86
compound of its oxide
with potash gives dif-
ferent colours with wa-
ter, ii. 87
sulphuret of, ii. 87
sulphuretted oxide of, ii.

87
alloys of, ii. 87
analysis of ores of, ii. 265
mode of ascertaining the
purity of, ii. 294
Manna, ii. 103
Marble, i. 231
Marls, analysis of, ii. 297
Mass, meaning of, as used by Ber-

thollet, i. 54
JMassicot, ij. 69
Matches, phosphoric, i. 324
Mattras, i. 35, 331
^TieasMres,English,reduced to French,
ii. 334
Swedish, ii. 335
old French, ii. 335, 339
modern French, ii. 340
ounce of Dr. Priestley, re-
duced to French and
English cubic inches, ii.
341
Mechanical division, influence of, on
affinity or solution, i.
68
Medicine, application of chemistry

to, i. 18
Melasses, iL 101
Mellilite, ii. 143
Mellitic acid, ii. 143
Melting points of solids, ii. 354, 376
Membranes, ii. 216
Mercurial trough, i. 118
Mercury congelation of, i. 99 ; ii. 39
combination of, with potas-
sium, i. 181 — with sodi-
um, i. 184 — with ammo-
nium, i. 189 — with the
bases of the earths, i. 193
its specific gravity increas-
ed by congelation, ii. 40
volatilization of, ii. 40
oxides of, ii. 40 — methods
of ascertaining their pu-
rity, ii. 287, 288
sulphate and supersulphate
■ of, ii. 40, 41

INDEX.

433

Mercury, nitrate ©f, ii. 41 — its use as
a test, ii. 230
subnitrate of, ii. 41
nitrous oxide of, ii. 41
fulminating-, ii. 41
muriate of, ii. 42 — tests of,
ii. 227, 234, 273— meth-
od of ascertaining its pu-
rity, ii. 286
submuriate of, ii. 43 — meth-
od of ascertaining- its pu-
rity, ii. 286
alloys of, ii. 43
sulphurets of, ii. 43
use of, as a test, ii. 227
analysis of ores of, ii. 264
method of ascertaining- its

purity, ii. 286, 287
apparatus for freezing, i. 334
Metallurgy, application of chemistry

to, i. 20
Metals, their comparative power of
conducting heat, i. 93
fused and ignited by elec-
tricity and galvanism, i.
159, 160
enumeration of, ii. 9
general properties of, ii. 9
order in which they reflect

light and heat, ii. 10
chemical properties of, ii. 11
oxidation of, ii. 13 — 21
proportion of oxygen neces-
sary for the solution of,
ii. 17
different stages of oxidation

of, ii. 17
action of alkaline solutions

on, ii. 19
reduction of, ii. 20
alloys of, ii. 22, 26
compounds of hydrogen

with, ii. 22
compounds of sulphur with,
ii. 22 — sulphuretted hy-
drogen with, ii. 24 — phos-
phorus with, ii. 25 — car-
bon with, ii. 26
their qualities altered in al-
loys, ii. 27
classification of, ii. 29
malleable, ii. 29
brittle and easily fused, ii.
75—difficultly fused,ii.83
refractory, ii. 91
use of, as tests, ii. 227
tenacity of several, ii. 332
table of some qualities of,

ii. 376
colours of precipitates from,
ii. 378, 379
VOL. IT. 55*

Meteoric stones, all contain iron al-
loyed with nickel, ii. 64
Milk, description and properties of,
ii. 197
vinous fermentation of, ii. 199
sugar of, ii. 176, 180, 199
acid of, ii. 180, 199
different kinds of, ii- 200
Minder er us' 8 spirit, ii. 160
Minerals, general directions for the
examination of, ii. 241,
244
Mineral waters, analysis of, ii. 220
examination of, by
re-agents, ii. 221
substances that may
beexpectedin,and
means of detect-
ing them, ii. 235
analysis of, by evap-
oration, ii. 236
Molecule, integrant, i. 46
Molybdena, ore of, ii. 88, 266

mode of obtaining, ii. 88,

89
properties of, ii. 89
oxides of, ii. 89
action of acids on, ii. 89
analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Molybdenate of potash, ii. 89
Molybdenic acid, mode of obtaining,
ii. 88
properties of, ii. 89
Mordaunt, what, ii. 128
Moroxylic acid, ii. 117
Mother-of-pearl, ii. 215
Mucilage, ii. 99
Mucus, ii. 167, 170

tests of, ii. 170
of the nose, ii. 200
Muffles, i. 30
Muriate of alumine, i. 304

ammonia, i. 301 ; ii. 175,
283 — hyperoxygeniz-
ed, i. 313
barytes, i. 303; ii. 230
— hyperox3 r genized, i.
314
bismuth, ii. 75
copper, ii. 52, 53
glucine, i. 305
iridium, ii. 47
iron, ii. 56, 57
lead, ii. 71

lime, i. 304 ; ii. 234, 235
hyperoxygenized, i.
314
magnesia, i. 304
mercurv, ii. 42, 43, 227,

273 "
platina, ii. 34

434

INDEX.

Muriate of potash, i. 300; ii. 235
— hyperoxygenized, i.
310
rhodium, ii. 45
silver, ii. 36

soda, i. 300 ; ii. 175, 235,
282- hyperoxygenized,
i. 313
strontites, i. 303 — hyper-
oxygenized, i. 314
tin, ii. 67
yttria, i. 305
zinc, ii. 74
zircon, i. 305
Muriates, tests of, ii. 235

hyperoxygenized, i. 310,
314
Muriatic acid, i. 294 ; ii. 385

its attraction for wa-
ter, i. 294
attempt to investi-
gate the nature of,
i. 296 ; ii. 385
process for prepar-
ing, i. 297
its properties, i. 299
tests of, ii. 235
mode of ascertaining
the purity of,ii.278
oxygenized, i. 305
sulphuretted, i. 308
gas, mode of obtain-
ing, i. 294 — prop-
erties of, i. 295 —
action of potassi-
um on, i. 296— wa-
ter essential to, i.
296 — its affinities
very strong and
extensive, i. 297 —
oxygenized, i. 305
Muno-phosphoric acid, i. 308, 317
Murio-phosphorous acid, i. 308,. 321
Murio-sulphuric acid, i. 315
Muscle, basis of, ii. 171

converted into fat, ii. 177
component parts of, ii. 215
Muscovado sugar, ii. 101
Musical sounds, from burning hy-
drogen gas under a tube, i. 140
Myrica cerifera, berries of, contain

wax, ii. 136
Myrtle-wax, ii. 136

N.
Nails, ii. 216
Naphtha, ii. 140
Narcotic principle, ii. 138
Natural history, assisted by the

knowledge of chemistry,

i. 12

Natural philosophy, i. 10— distin-
guished from chemistry,
i- 10 — requires a knowl-
edge of chemistry, i. 12
Neutral salts, i. 209
Neutralization, i. 48, 63, 67, 71
Nickel, method of purifying, ii. 64
properties of, ii. 64, 333
alloyed with iron in all me-
teoric stones, ii. 64
analysis of ores of, ii. 265
Nitrate of alumine, i. 292
ammonia, i. 290
antimony, ii. 78
barytes, i. 291 ; ii. 230
bismuth, ii. 75
cobalt, ii. 84
copper, i. 70 ; ii. 52
glucine, i. 292
iron, ii. 56
kad, ii. 71, 229
lime, i. 291
magnesia, i. 292
mercury, ii. 41, 230
potash, i. 284 ; ii. 282.
silver, ii. 35, 37, 228, 288
soda, i. 289
strontites, i. 291
tin, ii. 67
yttria, i. 293
zinc, ii. 74
zircon, i. 292
Nitre, i. 284
Nitric acid, i. 270

properties of, i. 272, 273
table of strength of, i.

272
decomposition of, iv 271,

273
process for preparing, i.

287
in its pure state elastic,

i. 330
use of as a test, ii. 225
test of, ii. 235
mode of ascertaining the
purity of, ii. 278
Nitric oxide, i. 274
Nitrites, i. 295
Nitrogen gas, i. 129

a compound of hydro-
gen and oxygen, i.
130, 191 [319

this questionable, ii.
how procured, i. 130
its properties, i. 130
weight of, i. 130
quantity of, absorbed

by water, i. 149

mixture of oxygen

with, i. 268, 270

INDEX.

435

Nitrogen gas, nature of, examined,
ii. 319
gaseous oxide of. See
Nitrous Oxide.
Nitro-mwiaXe of antimony, ii. 78
cobalt, ii. 84
gold, ii. 30
tin, ii. 68
muriatic acid, i. 314
sulphuric acid, ii. 39
Nitrous acid, i. 283

use of as a test, ii. 225

mode of ascertaining

the purity of, ii. 278

gas, quantity of absorbed by

water, i. 149

properties of, i. 274

applied to eudiometry,

i. 275
decomposition of, i.278
synthesis of, i. 278
oxide, quantity of absorbed
by water, i. 149
mode of obtaining, i.

279
test of its purity, i.

281
properties of, i. 281
effects of respiring
it, i. 282
oxide of mercury, ii. 41, 287
Nilrum Jlammans, i. 290
Nomenclature, new, i. 25, 208, 210 ;

ii. 21
Nose, mucus of the, ii. 170

O.
087, inflamed on the surface of wa-
ter, i. 312
Dippel's animal, ii. 213
of wine, ii. 152
Oils, animal, ii. 177

fixed, how obtained, ii. 118
properties of, ii. 118
with alkalis form soap,

ii. 118
dissolve sulphur, ii. 119
rendered dry by metallic

oxides, ii. 119
distillation of, ii. 119
combustion of, ii. 119
action of acids on, ii. 119
spontaneous combustion
of, ii. 120
volatile, or essential, ii. 120

mode of detecting
their adulterations,
ii. 291
Olejiant gas, quantity of, absorbed
by water, i. 149
method of procuring,
i. 236

Olejiant gas, properties of, i. 237,238
action of oxymuriatic
acid gas on, i. 308
Opium, ii. 138
Ores, analysis of, ii. 261

in the dry way, ii.
266
Orpiment, ii. 81
Osmium, ii. 47

analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Ounce measures reduced to cubic

inches, ii. 341
Oxalate of ammonia, ii. 105, 106
barytes, ii. 106
lime, ii. 105, 106
magnesia, ii. 106
potash, ii. 105, 106
soda, ii. 105, 106
strontian, ii. 106
Oxalates, use of, as tests, ii. 225
Oxalic acid, mode of obtaining, ii.
104 •
properties of, ii. 104
composition of, ii. 104,

105
found native in vegeta-
bles, ii. 117
use of, as a test, ii. 225
Oxidation, i. 129 ; ii. 13, 28

different stages of, ii. 17
Oxides, how produced, i. 129 ; ii. 13
all yield their oxygen to po-
tassium, i. 182
different, ii. 17
quantity of acid required for
their saturation in propor-
tion to their oxygen, ii. 18
their solubility proportionate

to their oxygen, ii. 19
decomposition of, ii. 20
terminology of, ii. 21
hydro-sulphuretted, ii. 22
sulphuretted, ii. 22
colours and proportions of,
ii. 376
Oxy-carburetted hydrogen, i. 238
Oxygen, not the principle of acidity
solely, i. 129, 207 ; ii. 387
compounds of combustible

bases with, i. 208
proportion necessary for
the solution of different
metals, ii. 17
maximum quantity absorb-
ed by different substanc-
es, ii. 380
gas, i. 124

procured from various
substances, i. 125 ;
ii. 70
its properties, i. 125

436

*tf»KX.

Oxygen gas, weight of, i. 125

diminished in combus-
tion, i. 127
its union produces an
oxide, an acid, or an
alkali, i. 128
supports animal life, i.

129, 135
apparently absorbed by

the blood, i. 129
with hydrogen forms

water, i. 143
quantity of, absorbed

by water, i. 149
mixture of nitrogen

with, i 268, 270
mode of procuring
from oxides of lead,
ii. 70
Oxy-nniriate of tin, ii. 67

antimony, ii. 78
Oxy-muriatic acid, i. 294 ; ii. 385

method of form-
ing, i. 305
test of its purity,
i. 306 [306
properties of", i.
classes with oxy-
gen,being an a-
cidifying prin-
ciple, ii. 385
gas, mode of ob-
taining, i. 305
— its proper-
ties, i. 306—
combines with
hydrogen,i.307
Oxy-nitric acid, i. 269
Oxy -phosphate of iron, ii. 60
Oxy-sulphate of iron, ii. 56

P.
Paint, fine redish brown, ii. 53

fresh, injurious effects of, ii.

121
method of removing spots of,
ii. 315
Palladium, ii. 45

test of, ii. 47
alloys of, ii. 47
analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Pancreatic juice, ii. 192
Paper, preparation of, for tests, ii.
222
dark blue,round sugar-loaves,
a test, ii. 223
Papirts digester, i. 104
Pearls, ii. 215
Pearlash, i. 223

method of ascertaining the
real quantity of alkali
in, i. 223 ; ii. 292

Pearl-white, ii. 75

Peat, ii. 143

Pericardium, liquor of the, ii. 201

Peroxides, ii. 21

Petroleum, ii. 141

Pewter, ii. 68

Phlogiston, ii. 12

Phosphate of iron 5 ii. 60

soda, i. 320 ; ii. 23-3
Phosphates, i. 320
Phosphites, i. 320
Phosphori, solar, i. 113, 251, 260
Phosphoric acid, i. 318

method of prepar-
ing, i. 318
properties of,i.318
exists in vegeta-
bles, ii. 117
test of, ii. 235
matches, i. 324
Phosphorous acid, i. 320

properties of, i.321
compound of oxy-
muriatic with, i.
308, 321
Phosphorus, action of oxymuriatic a-
acid gas on, i. 308
its character, i. 315
analysis of, i. 316
oxygenization of, i. 317
mode of obtaining, i. 319
binary compounds of, i.

321
liquid, i. 324
solution of, in ether, i.

324
combines with metals, ii.
25
Phosphuret of carbon, i. 316
lime, i. 322
potassium, i. 181
sodium, i. 184
sulphur, i. 321
zinc, ii. 74
Phosphurets, metallic, ii. 25
Phosphuretted hydrogen gas, prepa- .
ration of, i. 323 —
properties of, i, 323
— nature of, ii. 326
Photometer, i. 114
Picromel, ii. 193, 194
Pinchbeck, ii. 54
Pitch, mineral, ii. 141
Pit-coal, ii. 142
Plaster of paris, i. 253
Plasters, ii. 119
Plattna, purification of, ii. S3
properties of, ii. 33
tests of, ii. 34, 35
uses of, ii. 35
etherial solution of, ii. 34

INDEX.

437

Piatim destroys the colour of gold,
ii. 47
fused by the combustion of

hydro-zincic gas, ii. 73
analysis of ores of, ii. 261
Plumbago, ii. 63

method of ascertaining,

ii. 260
composition of, ii. 350
Plumber's solder, ii. 68
Plumbum corneum, ii. 71
Pneumato-chemical trough, i. 116
Poisons, method of detecting, ii. 269
remedies against some, ii.
277
Portable furnaces, i. 29, 335, 340

soup, ii. 163
Potash, preparation of, i. 173

never quite free from car-
bonic acid and water, i.
174 ; ii. 322
properties of, i. 174
analysis of, i. 174
component parts of, i. 183
subcarbonate of, i. 222 — me-
thod of obtaining, i. 223 —
its use, as a test, ii. 226 —
mode of ascertaining its
« purity, ii. 280

of commerce, i.223 — method
of ascertaining the real
quantity of alkali in, i. 223
— mode of ascertaining its
purity, ii. 292
carbonate of, i. 224 — its dif-
ference from the subcar-
bonate, i. 225
sulphate of, i. 248

mode of ascer-
taining its purity, ii. 282
supersulphate of, i. 249
sulphite of, i. 258
bydroguretted sulphuret of,

i.266
nitrate of, i. 284 ; ii. 282—
mode of ascertaining its
purity, ii. 282
nitrate of* i. 293
muriate of, i. 300
hyp er-oxy muriate of, i. 310
its powerful action on in-
*flammable bodies, i. 312
prussiate of, ii. 58 — best
mode of preparing, ii. 59
—its use, as a test, ii.
231
< arsenate of, ii. 81
molybdenate of, ii. 89
oxalate of, ii. 105
superoxalate of, ii. 105
quadroxalate of, ii. 105

Potash, citrate of, ii. 109

tartrate of, ii. 115— mode of
ascertaining its purity, ii.
283
supertartrate of, ii. 115 —
mode of ascertaining it»
purity, ii. 283
acetate of, ii. 160 — mode of
ascertaining its purity, ii.
283
use of, as a test, ii. 226, 227
solution of, mode of ascer-
taining its purity, ii. 280
Potassium, i. 177, 179

mode of procuring, i. 175
its properties, i. 180
its action on water, i. 180
acids, ii. 181
phosphuret of, i. 181
sulphuret of, i. 181
amalgam of, i. 181
reduces all oxides, i. 182
alloy of ammonium with, i,

191 ; ii. 316
action of sulphuretted hy-
drogen on, i. 262
ns^ure of, examined, ii. 320
almy of tellurium with, ii.
324
arsenic with, ii.325
action of on some inflam-
mable substances, ii. 387
Polassuretted hydrogen gas, i. 183
Potato, analysis of, ii. 123
Pot-metal, ii. 54
Precipitate per se, ii. 40

red, ii. 41
Precipitates, apparatus for drying, i

35
Precipitation, i. 42, 51

jars for, i. 332
Priestley, Dr. his ounce measures re-
reduced to cubicaUnches.
ii. 341
Prince Rupert's metal, ii. 54
Printer's types, ii. 79
Protoxides, ii. 21
Prussian blue, method of preparing.

ii, 182
Prussiate of iron, ii. 57
lime, ii. 231
palladium, ii. 47
potash, ii. 58, 59, 231
Prussic acid obtained from vegeta-
bles, ii- 117
mode of obtaining', ii -

182
properties of, ii. 183
Purple powder of Cassius, ii. 31
Putrefaction resisted bv charcoal, i.
214

438

INDEX,

Putrefaction retarded by carbonic a-

cid, i. 221
Pyro-acetic ether or spirit, ii. 161
Pyroligneous acid, the same with the

acetic, ii. 127, 158
Pyrometer, i. 81, 202

scale of Wedgwood's, ii.
351
Pyrophorus, Romberg's, i. 256, 274
Pyro-tartaric acid, ii. 114

Q.
Quodroxalate of potash, ii. 105
Quercitron bark, ii. 131
Quicksilver. See Mercury.
Quills, coagulated albumen, ii. 218

B.
Radiant heat, i. 77, 90
Radishes, scrapings of, stain paper as

a test, ii. 222, 224
Re-agents, ii. 221, 291
Realgar, ii. 81

Receiver, quilled, i. 32, 331, 332
Red lead, ii. 69
Reduction of metals, ii. 20
Refractory metals, ii. 29
Rennet, ii. 198
Resins, ii. 121 ^

animal, ii. 175, 19M
Respiration diminishes the bu.lk of
air, i. 135
produces carbonic acid,

i. 221
function of, examined,
ii. 186
Rcte mucosum, ii. 217
Retinasphaltum, ii. 142
Retorts, i. 31, 331, 332

coating for, i. 34
Reverberatory furnace, i. 29
Revival of metals, ii. 20
Rhatany, extract of, ii. 132
Rheum palmatum contains oxalic a-

cid, ii. 117
Rhodium, ii. 44

muriate of, ii. 45
analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Rochelle salt, ii. 116

mode of ascertaining
its purity, ii. 284
Roeacic acid, ii. 179

S.
Sacchn-lactic, acid, ii. 180
Sajtawer; ii. 130

*S7;^ ammoniac. See Muriate of Am-
monia.
Salifiable base, i. 209
Salifymg principle, i. 209
Saliva, ii 170, 171

properties of, ii. 190
•component parts of, ii. 191

Salt, common. See Muriate of Soda>
of sorrel, ii. 105^ 117
spirit ,pf. See Muriatic Acid.
Salts, division of, i, 209, 210

terminology of, i. 209, 210
analysis of, ii. 244
solubility of, in water, ii. 368,
370
in alcohol, ii. 371
composition of, ii. 372, 373
incompatible, ii. 374
neutral, i. 209
Sandheat, i. 388
Saturation, i. 40, 48, 71
Scales of animals, ii. 217
Scarlet, solution of tin used in dye-
ing, ii. 68, 130
Scheele's green, ii. 81
Sebacic acid, ii. 181, 182
Secretions, animal, ii. 189, 190, 197,

200, 203
Sedative salt. See Boracic Acid.
Seignette's salt, ii. 116

mode of ascertaining
its purity, ii. 284
Semi-metals, ii. 11
Separator, i. 331
Serosity, ii. 185
Serum, ii. 184
Sheathing of ships, i. 155
Shells, ii. 214, 215
Silex, attempts to decompose, i. 200
method of obtaining, i. 199
properties of, i. 200
Silicated alkali, i. 200
Silicium, i. 201

Silk, sulphurous acid gas whitens, i.
247
properties of, ii. 218
method of removing stains on,
ii. 315
Silver, properties of, ii. 35

tarnishing of, ii. 35, 39
sulphate of, ii. 35

its use as a test,
ii. 228
nitrate of, ii. 36, 37

its use as a test,
ii. 228, 271, 272
mode of ascertain-
ing its purity, ii.
288
subnitrate of, ii. 36
muriate of, ii. 36
purification of, ii. 36, 70
fulminating compounds of, ii.

38
solvent of, ii. 39
alloys of, ii. 39
standard, ii. 39
use of, as a test, ii. 227

INDEX.

439

Silver, acetate of, its u»e as a test,
ii. 228
analysis of ores of, ii. 262
Similar, ii. 54
Sinews, ii. 216
Skin, ii. 217
Smalts, ii. 85

Smells, destroyed by charcoal, i. 214
Soap, ii. 118

dissolved in akohol, as a test,
ii. 234
Soda, preparation of, i. 174
properties of, i. 174
analysis of, i. 174
component parts of, i. 185
never free from water, ii. 322
carbonate of, i. 226
sub-carbonate of, i. 226 — its
use as a test, ii. 226 — mode
of ascertaining its purity, ii.
280
sulphate of, i. 249 — mode of
ascertaining its purity, ii.
282
sulphite of, i. 258
hydroguretted sulphuret of, i.

266
nitrate of, i. 289
muriate of, i. 300 ; ii. 175 — de-
composed by oxides of lead,
ii. 72 — mode of ascertaining
its purity, ii. 282
hyper-oxymuriate of, i. 313
phosphate of, i. 320

as a test, ii. 233
borate of, ii. 86 — mode of as-
certaining its purity, ii. 284
oxalate of, ii. 105
super-oxalate of, ii. 105
citrate of, ii. 109
acetate of, ii. 160
use of, as a test, ii. 226
succinate of, as a test, ii. 232
Sodium, i. 177, 183

mode of. procuring, i. 175
properties of, i. 183
sulphuret of, i. 184
phosphuret of, i. 184
amalgam of, i. 184
nature of, examined, ii. 321,
323 note
Soils, analysis of, ii. 298

improvement of, ii. 310, 313

sterile, ii. 311

fertile, ii. 311

proper for bulbous roots and

trees, ii. 312
apparatus for the analysis of,
ii. 313
Solar phosphcri, i. 113, 251,260
Soltkrs, ii. 28, 68, 76

Solids, expansion of, by heat, i. 181
absorb heat in becoming li-
quid, i. 97
melting points of, ii. 354, 376
point of volatilization of some,

ii. 355
expansion of, by heat, ii. 361
Solution, i. 40, 149

experimental illustrations

of, i. 68
effects a very minute divi-
sion of bodies, i. 69
generally produces cold, i.

101, 150
heat sometimes evolved in,
i. 150
Solvent, what, i. 40
Sorrel, salt of, ii. 105, 117
Soup, portable, ii. 163
Spar, calcareous, i. 231
ponderous, i. 251
Specific Gravity. See Gravity Specific.
Speculum metal, ii. 54
Speltre, i. 136 note •
Spermaceti, ii. 177
Spirit, proof, ii. 147

of wine, ii. 146, 291
Springs, metallic, ii. 11
Stains, method of removing, ii. 314,

315
Stalactites, i. 231
Starch, ii. 124

Steam, formed at the bottom of wa-
ter, i. lpi
has the same temperature as

boiling water, i. 102
latent heat of, i. 102, 105, 107
specific gravity of, i. 105
equal weights of, contain e-
qual quantities of caloric,
i. 107
applicable to the purpose of

heating bodies, i. 108
force of, at different tempera-
tures, ii. 356, 357, 358
Steel, method of gilding, ii. 32

a compound of iron and car-
bon, ii. 63
cast, ii. 63
Still, common, i. 31
Stones, analysis of, ii. 246

. substances that may be ex-
pected in, and means of sepa-
rating, ii. 259
Strontites, analysis of, i. 196

properties of, i. 196
base of, i. 197
carbonate of, i. 230
sulphate of, i. 252
nitrate of, i. 291
muriate of, i. 303.

440

Sirentites, hyper-oxymuriate of, i.
314
oxalate and super-oxalate

of, ii. 106
acetate of, ii. 161
use of, as a test, ii. 227
Strontium, i. 197

Subboraie of soda, i. 327 ; ii. 86, 284
Sub-carbonate of ammonia, i. 226
lime, i. 230
magnesia, i. 232
potash, i. 222
soda, i. 226
Suber, ii. 139

Suberic-acid, mode of obtaining, ii.
139
properties of, ii. 139
Sublimate, corrosive, ii. 43
Sublimation, i. 240
Sub-muriate of copper, ii. 53

mercury, ii. 43
Sub-nitrate of mercury, ii. 41

silver, ii. 36
Sub-sulphate of copper, ii. 51

tin, ii. 66
Succinate of ammonia, as a test, ii. 235
iron, ii. 61

soda, as a test, ii. 232
Succinic acid, ii. 122

mode of ascertaining
the purity of, ii. 279
Sugar, ii. 101

preparation of, ii. 101
obtained from several vegeta-
bles, ii. 102
properties of, ii. 102, 103
animal, ii. 176, 18u, 199
of lead, ii. 71, 289
Sulphates, tests of, ii. 235, 236
Sulphate of alumine, i. 255 ; ii. 235,
284
ammonia, i. 250
ammonia and magnesia,
i. 254
• antimony, ii. 78
barytes, i. 250
bismuth, ii. 75
copper, ii. 51
glucine, i. 256
iron, ii. 56, 228, 285
lead, ii. 70
lime, i. 253

magnesia, i. 254 ; ii. 284
mercury, ii. 41
potash, i. 249 ; ii. 282
silver, ii. 35, 228
soda, i. 249 ; ii. 282
strontites, i. 252
tin, ii. 65
yttria, i. 257
zinc, ii. 74

Sulphate of zircon, i. 257
Sulphites, method of obtaining, i. 257

properties of, i. 258
Sulphite of alumine, i. 259
. ammonia, i. 259

barytes, i. 259
lime, i. 259
magnesia, i. 25$
potash, i. 258
soda, L 258
Sulphur, i. 238

compounds of, i. 238, 239,

259, 261
properties of, i. 239
preparation of, for taking

impressions, i. 239
combination of alcohol with,

i. 240
contains hydrogen, i. 240
contains oxygen, i. 241
combustion of, i. 242
combination of alkalis with*

i. 259
phosphuret of, i. 321
combination of metals With,

ii. 22
balsam of, ii. 119
analysis of, ii. 260
nature of, examined, ii. 325\
hydroguretted, i. 265
Sulphuret of potassium, i. 181
sodium, i. 184
lime, i. 260
iron, ii. 61, 62
lead, ii. 72
antimony, ii. 77
arsenic, ii. 81
manganese, ii. 87
molybdena, ii. 89
Sulphurets, alkaline, mode of prepar-
ing, i. 260 — general
properties of, i. 260 —
exist only in a dry
state, i. 265 — use of,
as tests, ii. 235 — tests
of, ii. 236
metallic, ii. 22
of mercury, ii. 40
Sulphurettedhydrogen combines with
oxides, ii. 22 — with
metals, ii. 24 — test of
lead, ii. 72— test of
arsenic, ii. 235
hydrogen gas, quantity
ty of absorbed by wa-
ter, i. 149— modes of
procuring, i. 2C1—
properties of, i. 261
— with alkalis and
earths forms hvdro-
sulphurets, i. 262—

INDEX.

441

Sulphuretted hydrogen gas, tests of,
ii. 236 — nature of, ii.
326
hydrogen liquid, i. 267
oxides, ii. 22, 74
Sulphuric acid, i. 242 — component
parts of, i. 242 — purifi-
cation of, i. 244— decom-
position of, i. 245, 246 —
heat and light evolved
on its addition to mag-
nesia, i. 254 — manufac-
ture of, i. 286— in its
pure state, elastic, i. 330
—use of, as a test, ii. 224
—tests of, ii. 235— treat-
ment of persons, who
have swallowed, ii. 277
—method of ascertain-
ing the purity of, ii. 277
— glacial, i. 247 ; ii. 55
—real, quantity of, in'
• acid of different densi-
ties, ii. 350
Sulphurized alcohol, i. 240
Sulphurous acid, formation of, i. 246 —
properties of, i. 246 —
component parts of, i.
248— tests of, ii. 235—
waters, i. 261
Sulphur vivum, i. 240
Sumach, ii. 131
Sun-beams consist of three kinds of

rays, i. 112
Super-acetate of lead, ii. 71, 289
Super-oxalate of potash, ii. 105

soda, ii. 105
Super-sulphate of mercury, ii. 40, 41

potash, i. 249
Super-sidphuret of ii-on, ii. 62
lead, ii. 72
Super-sidphuretted hydrogen, i. 264
Super-tartrate of potash, ii. 115 —
mode of ascertain-
ing its purity, ii.
283
Supporters of combustion, i. 209 ; ii.

15
Sympathetic inks, ii. 53, 58, 59, 72,

84
Synovia, ii. 202

T.
Tallo-w, ii. 178
Tan, from galls, ii. 132
how obtained, ii. 132
properties of, ii- 133
artificial formation of, ii. 134
Tannate of iron, ii. 59, 133
Tannin, ii. 132

Tantalium the same with columbium,
ii. 29 note, 93
VOL. ii. 56

Tar, mineral, ii. 141
Tartar,, cream of, ii. 112, 115
Tartaric acid, mode of obtaining, ii.
112
properties of, ii. 114
may be converted into
oxalic and acetic,
ii. 114
analysis of, ii. 115
combinations, ii. 115
mode of ascertaining,
the purity of, ii. 279
Tartrate of potash, ii. 115 — mode of
ascertaining its purity,
ii. 283 — and soda, ii.
116 — mode of ascer-
taining its purity, ii.
284
of tin, ii. 68
Tears, ii. 200
Teeth, ii. 214

Telluretted hydrogen gas, ii. 324
Tellurium, ii. 79

analysis of ores of, ii. 266
compound of hydrogen

with, ii. 324
alloy of potassium with,
ii. 324
Temperature, influence of, on chem-
ical affinity, i» 57, 69
what, i. 75
method of ascertaining,

i. 75
change of, produced by
solution, i. 101, 150,
151
Tenacity of different metals, ii. 332
Tendons, ii. 210
Terra japonica, ii. 98
Tests, ii. 221
Thermometer, i. 75

its construction, i. 82,

85
its rise nearly in the
ratio of the increase
of heat, i. 88
Mr. Dalton's scale of,

i. 89
rule for reducing gases
to a given height of
the, ii. 344
Mr. Dalton's new scale
compared with Fah-
renheit's, ii. 353
air, i. 331
differential, i. 83
Thermometers, various, correspond-
ence between, ii. 351
Tin, precipitation of gold by, ii. 31, 32
muriate of, best test of platina,,- '
ii. 34 ^^

442

INDEX.

Tin, propei'ties of, ii. 66
oxides of, ii. 66
amalgam of, ii. 66
sulphate of, ii. 66
sub-sulphate of, ii. 66
nitrate of, ii. 67
muriate of, ii. 67
oxymuriate of, ii. 67
nitro-muriate of, ii. 68
acetate of, ii. 68
tartrate of, ii. 68
sulphuretted oxide of, ii. 68
alloys of, ii. 68

action of arsenic acid on, ii. 82
analysis of ores of, ii. 263
Tincal, i."327
Tinning, wet, ij. 65
Titanium, ii. 91

analysis of ores of, ii. 266
Tombac, ii. 54
Treacle, ii. 101
Tube of safety, i. 33
Tubes, long or crooked, joint for u-

niting, i. 335
Tungsten, mode of obtaining, ii. 90
characters of, ii. 91
oxides of, ii. 91
analysis of ores of, ii. 265
Tungstic acid, mode of obtaining, ii.
90,91 ...
properties of, ii. 91
Tungstatc of lime, ii. 90
Turbith mineral, ii. 41 — mode of as-
certaining its purity, ii.
288
Turf, ii. 143
Turmeric, as a dye, ii. 131

paper" and tincture, as
tests, ii. 223
Turpentine, oil of, converted into a
kind of camphor, ii.
121
Tulenng, ii. 54
Types, metal, ii. 79
U.
Ulmin, ii. 145
Uranium, ii. 91

Urea, method of obtaining, ii. 173 :
205
properties of, ii. 173
alters the form of some mu-
riates, ii. 175
elements of, ii. 175
Uric acid, ii. 178
Urine, sugar found in, ii. 176
gravel in, ii. 178
calculi in, ii. 178, 207
laterilious sediment of, ii. 179
analysis of, ii. 203
putrefaction of, ii. 206

Urine, changes of^ in diseases, ii. 20?
of different animals, ii. 207
% V.
Vapour, caloric the cause of, i. 101
Varnishes, ii. 122, 142
Vegetable extract, ii. 97

substances, ii. 96— result
of the spontaneous de-
composition of, ii. 146
Vegetables, growth of, affected by
cartionic acid, i. 221
proajfoate principles of,
ii. 96
Verdegris, ii. 53

mode of ascertaining the

purity of, ii. 289
distilled, ii. 290
Verditer, ii, 52
Vermilion, ii. 44
Vinegar, ii. 157

purification of, ii. 158
distilled. See Jlcetous Acid.
radical. See Acetic Acid.
Vinous fermentation, ii. 145
Violets, syrup of, as a test, ii. 222, 223
—•test of its genuineness,
ii. 222 — its colour restored
by oxygen, ii. 224, note
pickle of, ii. 224, note
Vitriol, blue.- See Copper, sulphate of.
green. See Iron, sulphate of.
white See Zinc, sulphate of.
Volta's eudiometer, i. 138, 335
pile, i. 152, 169
W,
Wafer, supposed not to conduct heat,
i. 96
is a slow conductor, i. 97
quantity of coal required to

evaporate, i. 105
composition of, i. 143
analysis of, i. 146
properties and effects of, i.

by, i. 149
contained in the atmosphere
in the driest weather, i. 149
change of temperature pro-
duced by solution of bodies
in, i. 150
during solution, gives out
air, and has its bulk alter-
ed, i. 150
has its solvent power in-
creased, by diminishing
the pressure, i. 151
expands by cold, i. 152
decomposed by galvanism, i.
161

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